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Journal of Natural Resources, Volume. 35, Issue 11, 2724(2020)

Does foreign aid boost energy outward foreign direct investment? Micro-evidence from Chinese firms

You-xing HUANG1... Heng-cheng LI1, and Yu YANG2,34,* |Show fewer author(s)
Author Affiliations
  • 1School of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling/Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
  • 3College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4Institute of Strategy Research of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou 510070, China
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    AbstractGet PDF(in Chinese)
    Figures&Tables (12)
    Equations (2)
    References (37)
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    Figures & Tables(12)
    The top 30 country distribution of China's cumulative projects of foreign aid to other countries by 2014

    Fig. 1. The top 30 country distribution of China's cumulative projects of foreign aid to other countries by 2014

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    The top 30 country distribution of China's cumulative amounts of energy OFDI to other countries by 2014

    Fig. 2. The top 30 country distribution of China's cumulative amounts of energy OFDI to other countries by 2014

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    • Table 1. Setting of control variables

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      Table 1. Setting of control variables

      特征变量测度方法数据来源
      东道国基本经济状态经济规模东道国不变价GDP（对数）世界银行（WDI）
      经济发展水平东道国人均不变价GDP（对数）世界银行（WDI）
      经济增长速度东道国GDP增长率世界银行（WDI）
      对外开放度东道国进出口总额与GDP的比值世界银行（WDI）
      汇率变动东道国当地货币兑美元汇率的年度变化率世界银行（WDI）
      地理障碍地理距离东道国首都到中国首都的地理距离（对数）谷歌地球
      要素禀赋科技资源富集度东道国高技术产品出口占制成品出口总额的比值世界银行（WDI）
      能源富集度东道国石油出口占出口总额的比值世界银行（WDI）
      制度差异制度距离取东道国与中国间关于制度因素的6个指标（话语权与问责制、政治稳定与杜绝暴力/恐怖主义、政府效率、监管质量、法治水平、腐败控制）绝对值的算术平均全球治理指标（WGI）数据库
      政治关系战略伙伴关系通过对中国外交部官方公告中关键信息的提取和手工整理,将东道国与中国的战略伙伴关系由弱到强分为0到5共6级（对数）中国外交部网站

    • Table 2. Summary statistics

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      Table 2. Summary statistics

      变量观察值均值标准差最小值中位数最大值
      是否进行能源OFDI1023710.0030.0510.0000.0001.000
      累计援助项目数（对数）1023711.5661.6510.0001.0995.130
      当年援助项目数（对数）1023710.7510.8500.0000.6933.584
      经济规模（对数）9662125.4991.95420.63225.70530.417
      经济发展水平（对数）1000718.6721.5765.4508.74011.425
      经济增长速度966210.0430.069-0.6210.0431.231
      贸易开放度1023710.3930.3030.0000.3232.312
      汇率变动871900.0520.553-0.1840.00013.450
      地理距离（对数）9777114.8651.19311.29015.21316.117
      高技术产品出口比1023710.0930.1330.0000.0420.987
      能源出口比1023710.2170.3060.0000.0620.999
      制度距离1023713.7102.5580.0213.25312.072
      战略伙伴关系（对数）1023711.0600.5280.0000.6931.792

    • Table 3. Cumulative foreign aid and energy OFDI decision (Baseline model)

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      Table 3. Cumulative foreign aid and energy OFDI decision (Baseline model)

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      模型（1）模型（2）模型（3）模型（4）模型（5）模型（6）模型（7）
      累计援助项目数-0.021*0.054**0.050**0.052**0.045**0.046**0.059**
      (0.013)(0.022)(0.023)(0.023)(0.023)(0.023)(0.026)
      经济规模0.094***0.095***0.092***0.067***0.068***0.076***
      (0.018)(0.019)(0.019)(0.023)(0.024)(0.026)
      经济发展水平0.071***0.066**0.065**0.087***0.089***0.108***
      (0.027)(0.028)(0.028)(0.030)(0.031)(0.034)
      经济增长速度0.0440.0210.006-0.040-0.045-0.065
      (0.281)(0.295)(0.316)(0.345)(0.350)(0.379)
      贸易开放度-0.255*-0.260-0.270*-0.301*-0.296-0.309
      (0.145)(0.160)(0.163)(0.181)(0.183)(0.197)
      汇率变动-0.058-0.058-0.065-0.086-0.085-0.095
      (0.048)(0.049)(0.049)(0.061)(0.059)(0.061)
      地理距离-0.033*-0.036*-0.040**-0.055**-0.058**-0.067***
      (0.019)(0.020)(0.020)(0.022)(0.023)(0.025)
      高技术产品出口比-0.003-0.042-0.107-0.129-0.209
      (0.217)(0.222)(0.216)(0.219)(0.240)
      能源出口比0.0700.0780.0630.0580.013
      (0.075)(0.076)(0.078)(0.080)(0.089)
      制度距离-0.012-0.013-0.014-0.020
      (0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.012)
      战略伙伴关系0.141***0.149***0.195***
      (0.054)(0.055)(0.061)
      截距项-2.756***-5.314***-5.280***-5.070***-4.518***-4.367***-5.105***
      (0.027)(0.606)(0.611)(0.630)(0.689)(0.708)(0.842)
      产业效应否否否否否是是
      企业效应否否否否否否是
      观察值102371787957879578795787957057546600
      Pseduo-R20.0010.0430.0430.0430.0460.0650.197
      对数似然值-1883.17-1560.85-1560.36-1559.80-1555.62-1499.77-1207.48
      χ2-统计量2.79113.93111.11111.64113.89154.50622.06

    • Table 4. Annual foreign aid and energy OFDI decision (Robustness test 1)

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      Table 4. Annual foreign aid and energy OFDI decision (Robustness test 1)

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      模型（1）模型（2）模型（3）模型（4）模型（5）模型（6）模型（7）
      当年援助项目数-0.0410.094**0.089**0.091**0.086**0.087**0.109**
      (0.026)(0.041)(0.041)(0.041)(0.042)(0.043)(0.047)
      经济规模0.094***0.096***0.092***0.066***0.067***0.076***
      (0.018)(0.019)(0.020)(0.023)(0.024)(0.027)
      经济发展水平0.064**0.059**0.059**0.084***0.086***0.104***
      (0.026)(0.026)(0.026)(0.028)(0.029)(0.033)
      经济增长速度0.0290.001-0.013-0.057-0.062-0.084
      (0.278)(0.293)(0.313)(0.343)(0.349)(0.377)
      贸易开放度-0.258*-0.262-0.272*-0.304*-0.299-0.313
      (0.146)(0.162)(0.164)(0.183)(0.185)(0.199)
      汇率变动-0.051-0.052-0.059-0.082-0.081-0.090
      (0.043)(0.045)(0.046)(0.060)(0.058)(0.060)
      地理距离-0.032*-0.035*-0.039**-0.055**-0.058**-0.067***
      (0.019)(0.020)(0.020)(0.022)(0.023)(0.025)
      高技术产品出口比-0.011-0.047-0.114-0.136-0.217
      (0.216)(0.221)(0.215)(0.218)(0.239)
      能源出口比0.0780.0860.0690.0640.022
      (0.074)(0.076)(0.077)(0.079)(0.088)
      制度距离-0.012-0.013-0.014-0.019
      (0.011)(0.011)(0.011)(0.012)
      战略伙伴关系0.148***0.155***0.203***
      (0.054)(0.055)(0.061)
      截距项-2.758***-5.260***-5.234***-5.027***-4.490***-4.333***-5.064***
      (0.026)(0.594)(0.601)(0.623)(0.679)(0.697)(0.832)
      产业效应否否否否否是是
      企业效应否否否否否否是
      观察值102371787957879578795787957057546600
      Pseduo-R20.0010.0420.0430.0430.0460.0650.197
      对数似然值-1883.19-1561.30-1560.68-1560.15-1555.55-1499.76-1207.44
      χ2-统计量2.64115.14111.72112.05114.45154.26626.03

    • Table 5. Foreign aid and energy OFDI decision by using various models (Robustness test 2)

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      Table 5. Foreign aid and energy OFDI decision by using various models (Robustness test 2)

      变量被解释变量：能源OFDI决策
      Panel A：稀有事件Panel B: 异质ProbitPanel C: 滞后一期Panel D: OFDI金额
      A-1A-2B-1B-2C-1C-2D-1D-2
      累计援助项目数0.140*0.004*0.0370.002*
      (0.073)(0.002)(0.024)(0.001)
      当年援助项目数0.258*0.007*0.0550.003
      (0.132)(0.004)(0.048)(0.002)
      经济规模0.193**0.192**0.020***0.021***0.090***0.090***0.006***0.006***
      (0.075)(0.075)(0.006)(0.006)(0.025)(0.025)(0.001)(0.001)
      经济发展水平0.293***0.281***0.007**0.006**0.071**0.063**0.005***0.005***
      (0.094)(0.090)(0.003)(0.003)(0.031)(0.030)(0.002)(0.002)
      经济增长速度0.1360.0980.0040.0020.0740.082-0.001-0.001
      (1.051)(1.047)(0.022)(0.022)(0.325)(0.323)(0.011)(0.011)
      贸易开放度-1.106*-1.111*-0.015-0.015-0.229-0.225-0.020***-0.020***
      (0.658)(0.666)(0.015)(0.015)(0.171)(0.173)(0.007)(0.007)
      汇率变动-0.264-0.254-0.005-0.005-0.329-0.336-0.001-0.001
      (0.199)(0.195)(0.005)(0.004)(0.202)(0.209)(0.001)(0.001)
      地理距离-0.160**-0.161**0.0000.000-0.068***-0.068***-0.005***-0.005***
      (0.069)(0.069)(0.002)(0.002)(0.025)(0.025)(0.002)(0.002)
      高技术产品出口比-0.318-0.348-0.013-0.014-0.213-0.230-0.002-0.002
      (0.682)(0.680)(0.016)(0.016)(0.242)(0.242)(0.011)(0.011)
      能源出口比0.2490.2740.0090.0100.0600.0660.0030.003
      (0.245)(0.242)(0.006)(0.006)(0.085)(0.085)(0.005)(0.005)
      制度距离-0.042-0.042-0.001-0.001-0.016-0.0150.0000.000
      (0.033)(0.034)(0.001)(0.001)(0.012)(0.012)(0.001)(0.001)
      战略伙伴关系0.446***0.465***0.012**0.013**0.163***0.166***0.0050.005
      (0.167)(0.166)(0.005)(0.006)(0.061)(0.061)(0.004)(0.004)
      截距项-12.031***-11.881***-0.774***-0.781***-5.094***-5.016***-0.100***-0.098***
      (2.490)(2.453)(0.245)(0.247)(0.815)(0.819)(0.032)(0.032)
      产业效应是是是是是是是是
      企业效应是是是是是是是是
      观察值4660046600466004660046804468047194571945
      Pseduo-R2————0.1950.194——
      对数似然值-1203.53-1203.59-1193.06-1193.45-1212.21-1212.80——
      调整R2——————0.0280.028
      χ2-统计量767.25771.0381.9182.57599.36599.04-31568.20-31568.40

    • Table 6. Foreign aid and energy OFDI decision based on different definitions of aid (Robustness test 3)

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      Table 6. Foreign aid and energy OFDI decision based on different definitions of aid (Robustness test 3)

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      Panel A: 累计援助项目数Panel B: 当年援助项目数
      A-1A-2A-3B-1B-2B-3
      ODAOOFODAOOFODAOOFODAOOF
      援助项目数0.081***0.060**0.060**0.151***0.099*0.112**
      (0.031)(0.029)(0.027)(0.053)(0.054)(0.048)
      经济规模0.079***0.069***0.076***0.082***0.069***0.076***
      (0.027)(0.026)(0.026)(0.027)(0.026)(0.027)
      经济发展水平0.121***0.090***0.107***0.109***0.079***0.102***
      (0.037)(0.031)(0.034)(0.033)(0.030)(0.032)
      经济增长速度-0.150-0.035-0.068-0.087-0.087-0.087
      (0.404)(0.360)(0.379)(0.382)(0.368)(0.376)
      贸易开放度-0.299-0.333*-0.310-0.296-0.336*-0.313
      (0.201)(0.198)(0.197)(0.203)(0.203)(0.199)
      汇率变动-0.090-0.092-0.095-0.088-0.078-0.089
      (0.056)(0.061)(0.061)(0.056)(0.056)(0.059)
      地理距离-0.067***-0.069***-0.067***-0.065***-0.072***-0.066***
      (0.024)(0.025)(0.025)(0.024)(0.025)(0.025)
      高技术产品出口比-0.227-0.180-0.208-0.243-0.209-0.212
      (0.243)(0.239)(0.241)(0.243)(0.236)(0.241)
      能源出口比0.0330.0060.0140.0430.0260.026
      (0.087)(0.090)(0.089)(0.087)(0.088)(0.087)
      制度距离-0.018-0.020*-0.019-0.017-0.020*-0.019
      (0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)
      战略伙伴关系0.212***0.181***0.193***0.225***0.191***0.202***
      (0.061)(0.063)(0.062)(0.062)(0.063)(0.061)
      截距项-5.334***-4.658***-5.106***-5.325***-4.522***-5.073***
      (0.859)(0.778)(0.844)(0.839)(0.767)(0.834)
      产业效应是是是是是是
      企业效应是是是是是是
      观察值466004660046600466004660046600
      Pseduo-R20.1980.1960.1970.1980.1960.197
      对数似然值-1206.24-1208.43-1207.44-1206.20-1208.89-1207.42
      χ2-统计量630.36621.73621.79640.74625.57628.38

    • Table 7. Form of foreign aid and energy OFDI decision

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      Table 7. Form of foreign aid and energy OFDI decision

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      Panel: APanel B: 融资支持Panel C:技术支持Panel: D
      A-1B-1B-2B-3C-1C-2C-3C-4
      无偿援助融资援助低息贷款债务免除技术援助纯技术援助奖学金出口信贷
      累计援助项目数0.084***0.085***0.081***0.207**0.124***0.139***0.182***0.222***
      (0.032)(0.029)(0.029)(0.083)(0.044)(0.047)(0.057)(0.055)
      经济规模0.078***0.072***0.070***0.081***0.078***0.078***0.074***0.054**
      (0.026)(0.027)(0.027)(0.027)(0.026)(0.026)(0.026)(0.026)
      经济发展水平0.118***0.105***0.102***0.090***0.111***0.111***0.089***0.115***
      (0.035)(0.032)(0.032)(0.032)(0.033)(0.033)(0.031)(0.032)
      经济增长速度-0.108-0.075-0.069-0.119-0.085-0.057-0.141-0.119
      (0.396)(0.376)(0.373)(0.388)(0.397)(0.389)(0.401)(0.398)
      贸易开放度-0.299-0.322-0.329-0.282-0.322-0.310-0.346*-0.329
      (0.196)(0.199)(0.201)(0.203)(0.205)(0.204)(0.208)(0.201)
      汇率变动-0.089-0.105-0.101-0.105*-0.087-0.084-0.094-0.122*
      (0.055)(0.069)(0.068)(0.061)(0.056)(0.054)(0.060)(0.066)
      地理距离-0.068***-0.067***-0.068***-0.069***-0.065***-0.065***-0.072***-0.086***
      (0.025)(0.025)(0.025)(0.024)(0.024)(0.024)(0.024)(0.025)
      高技术产品出口比-0.225-0.181-0.183-0.250-0.207-0.224-0.186-0.161
      (0.244)(0.236)(0.235)(0.242)(0.245)(0.245)(0.239)(0.237)
      能源出口比0.032-0.011-0.0110.0290.0410.0400.0490.024
      (0.088)(0.090)(0.089)(0.087)(0.088)(0.088)(0.087)(0.086)
      制度距离-0.016-0.020-0.020-0.017-0.016-0.014-0.020*-0.022*
      (0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.012)(0.013)(0.012)(0.013)
      战略伙伴关系0.204***0.186***0.185***0.233***0.206***0.208***0.202***0.170***
      (0.061)(0.061)(0.062)(0.062)(0.061)(0.061)(0.061)(0.058)
      截距项-5.280***-4.931***-4.823***-5.061***-5.224***-5.243***-4.762***-4.245***
      (0.852)(0.805)(0.804)(0.788)(0.806)(0.803)(0.767)(0.754)
      产业效应是是是是是是是是
      企业效应是是是是是是是是
      观察值4660046600466004660046600466004660046600
      Pseduo-R20.1980.1980.1980.1970.1980.1980.1980.200
      对数似然值-1206.11-1206.42-1206.63-1207.67-1206.16-1205.86-1206.54-1202.61
      χ2-统计量627.77620.25619.46635.51630.93633.87632.63632.94

    • Table 8. Classification of the purpose of foreign aid in host countries

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      Table 8. Classification of the purpose of foreign aid in host countries

      用途大类用途小类包含内容
      基础设施社会基础设施教育、健康、其他社会基础设施与服务
      经济基础设施通信设施、交通运输与仓储、水供给与污水处理
      产业发展产业总体农业、林业与渔业、 能源生产与供应、制造业、矿业与建筑业、银行与金融服务业、商业和其他服务业、贸易和旅游业、其他多元化产业
      能源产业能源生产与供应
      其他产业农业、林业与渔业、制造业、矿业与建筑业、银行与金融服务业、商业和其他服务业、贸易和旅游业、其他多元化产业
      社会发展社会发展食品援助/食品安全、紧急事态响应、环境保护、政府与民间社团发展支持、非食品商品援助、人口政策、妇女发展
      政府财政政府财政一般性预算支持、债务相关支持

    • Table 9. Purpose of foreign aid and energy OFDI decision

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      Table 9. Purpose of foreign aid and energy OFDI decision

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      Panel A: 基础设施Panel B：产业发展Panel CPanel D
      A-1A-2B-1B-2B-3C-1D-1
      社会基础设施经济基础设施产业总体能源产业其他产业社会发展政府财政
      累计援助项目数0.068*0.144***0.095***0.125***0.103**0.111***0.269***
      (0.035)(0.038)(0.034)(0.035)(0.042)(0.033)(0.083)
      经济规模0.075***0.070***0.075***0.064**0.079***0.072***0.084***
      (0.026)(0.027)(0.026)(0.026)(0.027)(0.026)(0.027)
      经济发展水平0.096***0.121***0.109***0.104***0.102***0.121***0.104***
      (0.032)(0.033)(0.033)(0.032)(0.033)(0.035)(0.033)
      经济增长速度-0.060-0.087-0.080-0.143-0.055-0.171-0.103
      (0.382)(0.397)(0.375)(0.389)(0.370)(0.393)(0.397)
      贸易开放度-0.323-0.334*-0.291-0.317-0.295-0.314-0.271
      (0.199)(0.200)(0.196)(0.198)(0.198)(0.204)(0.200)
      汇率变动-0.079-0.116-0.102-0.117*-0.094-0.101-0.109*
      (0.053)(0.074)(0.063)(0.070)(0.058)(0.062)(0.064)
      地理距离-0.066***-0.070***-0.066***-0.075***-0.064***-0.077***-0.070***
      (0.025)(0.024)(0.025)(0.025)(0.025)(0.024)(0.024)
      高技术产品出口比-0.194-0.145-0.227-0.204-0.239-0.235-0.209
      (0.244)(0.235)(0.239)(0.240)(0.238)(0.242)(0.245)
      能源出口比0.0270.010-0.016-0.007-0.0110.0600.042
      (0.088)(0.087)(0.091)(0.089)(0.091)(0.087)(0.087)
      制度距离-0.018-0.024*-0.020-0.020-0.020-0.015-0.016
      (0.012)(0.012)(0.013)(0.012)(0.013)(0.012)(0.012)
      战略伙伴关系0.208***0.189***0.187***0.194***0.190***0.201***0.233***
      (0.061)(0.061)(0.061)(0.060)(0.061)(0.060)(0.062)
      截距项-4.967***-5.016***-5.078***-4.594***-5.140***-4.990***-5.279***
      (0.830)(0.794)(0.793)(0.770)(0.812)(0.779)(0.808)
      产业效应是是是是是是是
      企业效应是是是是是是是
      观察值46600466004660046600466004660046600
      Pseduo-R20.1960.2000.1980.1990.1970.1990.199
      对数似然值-1208.44-1202.99-1206.18-1205.11-1207.13-1204.66-1205.06
      χ2-统计量625.17636.51622.85618.76629.32630.97644.43

    • Table 10. Foreign aid, types of host countries, and energy OFDI decision

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      Table 10. Foreign aid, types of host countries, and energy OFDI decision

      变量被解释变量：是否进行能源OFDI
      Panel A: 合作框架Panel B: 高失败风险Panel C
      A-1A-2B-1B-2B-3C-1
      一带一路AIIB成员有失败经历失败数失败率低收入国家
      累计援助项目数-0.0090.066*0.177***0.099***0.079**0.062**
      (0.034)(0.035)(0.052)(0.034)(0.032)(0.028)
      累计援助项目数×国家类型0.108***-0.011-0.145***-0.037***-0.0730.034
      (0.039)(0.037)(0.047)(0.012)(0.059)(0.144)
      经济规模0.071***0.074***0.0380.0250.085***0.087***
      (0.027)(0.027)(0.024)(0.026)(0.027)(0.028)
      经济发展水平0.092**0.101***0.165***0.0390.118***0.121***
      (0.037)(0.034)(0.035)(0.035)(0.035)(0.036)
      经济增长速度-0.100-0.299-0.293-0.391-0.072-0.033
      (0.372)(0.504)(0.313)(0.418)(0.276)(0.380)
      贸易开放度-0.256-0.410*-0.319*0.084-0.308-0.261
      (0.213)(0.210)(0.164)(0.170)(0.198)(0.193)
      汇率变动-0.085-0.074-0.171*-0.111**-0.113-0.109*
      (0.054)(0.049)(0.093)(0.055)(0.071)(0.065)
      地理距离-0.078***-0.121***-0.051**-0.052**-0.063**-0.063***
      (0.026)(0.026)(0.025)(0.024)(0.025)(0.024)
      高技术产品出口比-0.289-0.247-0.343-0.275-0.242-0.254
      (0.268)(0.238)(0.294)(0.284)(0.251)(0.243)
      能源出口比0.0960.0570.0500.0100.0230.026
      (0.093)(0.095)(0.088)(0.099)(0.088)(0.091)
      制度距离-0.021*-0.010-0.027**-0.004-0.020*-0.018
      (0.013)(0.013)(0.013)(0.014)(0.012)(0.012)
      战略伙伴关系0.170***0.107*0.174***0.355***0.209***0.213***
      (0.061)(0.063)(0.063)(0.061)(0.062)(0.061)
      国家类型-0.1460.345***0.785***0.221***0.417***0.136
      (0.092)(0.088)(0.109)(0.018)(0.095)(0.500)
      截距项-4.595***-4.300***-5.376***-4.162***-5.575***-5.633***
      (0.870)(0.864)(0.853)(0.885)(0.897)(0.923)
      产业效应是是是是是是
      企业效应是是是是是是
      观察值466004660046600466004660046600
      Pseduo-R20.2000.2050.2300.2520.2000.198
      对数似然值-1203.09-1196.23-1157.66-1124.36-1203.56-1205.68
      χ2-统计量636.30628.64702.35896.51620.15654.81
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    You-xing HUANG, Heng-cheng LI, Yu YANG. Does foreign aid boost energy outward foreign direct investment? Micro-evidence from Chinese firms[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2020, 35(11): 2724

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    Paper Information

    Received: Jan. 15, 2020

    Accepted: --

    Published Online: May. 8, 2021

    The Author Email: YANG Yu (yangyu@igsnrr.ac.cn)

    DOI:10.31497/zrzyxb.20201113

    Topics

    Resource Economy
    Research Articles