Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of chaotic spread spectrum delay estimation

Fig. 2. Flow chart of chaotic spread spectrum delay estimation algorithm

Fig. 3. Results of basic cross-correlation calculation of short-circuit faults [signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is -5 dB]

Fig. 4. Results of basic cross-correlation calculation of open-circuit faults (SNR is -5 dB)

Fig. 5. Results of secondary cross-correlation calculation of short-circuit faults (SNR is -5 dB)

Fig. 6. Results of secondary cross-correlation calculation of open-circuit faults (SNR is -5 dB)

Fig. 7. Correlation peaks of third-order cumulants of short-circuit faults

Fig. 8. Correlation peak of third-order cumulants of open-circuit faults

Fig. 9. Error curves of three methods