How farmers’ non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?

Type	Variable	Definition	Mean	Standard deviation	Min	Max	Sample size
Rural land circulation	transfer_out	Land transfer-out (Yes=1; No=0)	0.21	0.41	0	1	5450
Rural land circulation	transfer_in	Land transfer-in (Yes=1; No=0)	0.31	0.46	0	1	2536
Non-agricultural employment	naincome_ratio	Proportion of non-agricultural income	0.57	0.37	0	1	5450
	nalabor_ratio	Proportion of non-agricultural laborers	0.20	0.26	0	1	5450
	naasset_ratio	Proportion of non-agricultural fixed operating assets	0.45	0.11	0.28	0.75	5450
Householders’ characteristics	education	Education level (lowest level=1→highest level=8)	2.73	0.91	1	8	5416
Householders’ characteristics	marriage	Marital status (unmarried=1; married or has been married=0)	0.01	0.11	0	1	5450
Households’ characteristics	aver_age	Average age of household labor	46.00	11.87	21.5	93	5450
	cadre	Village cadres in households (Yes=1; No=0)	0.06	0.23	0	1	5434
	forest	Grain for Green Project (Yes=1; No=0)	0.12	0.33	0	1	5450
	organization	Agricultural cooperative economic organization (Yes=1; No=0)	0.03	0.18	0	1	5450
Households’ characteristics	requisition	Land requisition (Yes=1; No=0)	0.10	0.30	0	1	5450
Land management	pcland	Per capita area of farmland (mu/person) (1 mu=1/15 ha)	1.89	2.16	0.08	12.5	5450
Economic level	pcgdp	The logarithm values of per capita GDP of provinces (yuan/person)	10.65	0.34	10.10	11.44	5450
Landform condition	landforms	Landforms (plain=1; mountainous area=0)	0.56	0.50	0	1	5450
Regional dummy variables	east	Eastern China =1; other areas=0	0.36	0.48	0	1	5450
	central	Central China =1; other areas=0	0.43	0.50	0	1	5450
	west	Western China =1; other areas=0	0.21	0.41	0	1	5450

Table 2.
Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

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Table 2.
Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

	Province	Beijing	Liaoning	Jiangsu	Shandong	Guangdong
Eastern China	Land transfer-out rate	27.88	3.19	21.24	5.43	14.51
	Land transfer-in rate	9.85	20.74	14.93	29.23	55.21
	Proportion of non-agricultural income	66.25	47.82	73.23	58.99	77.41
	Proportion of non-agricultural laborers	22.74	14.58	17.07	16.92	22.49
	Proportion of non-agricultural fixed operating assets	47.32	42.01	47.57	43.77	48.94
Central China	Province	Shanxi	Anhui	Henan	Hubei	Hunan
	Land transfer-out rate	7.55	17.17	6.14	6.79	9.11
	Land transfer-in rate	10.58	29.86	9.21	25.07	31.28
	Proportion of non-agricultural income	52.07	59.20	65.79	56.63	70.54
	Proportion of non-agricultural laborers	19.93	32.43	22.08	28.34	28.47
	Proportion of non-agricultural fixed operating assets	48.24	44.32	44.38	44.33	45.61
Western China	Province	Sichuan	Chongqing	Yunnan	Gansu	-
	Land transfer-out rate	13.41	7.34	5.67	1.65	-
	Land transfer-in rate	10.97	13.81	10.02	10.06	-
	Proportion of non-agricultural income	67.81	72.91	58.49	59.18	-
	Proportion of non-agricultural laborers	22.12	25.00	16.93	23.09	-
	Proportion of non-agricultural fixed operating assets	43.34	44.33	44.67	39.11	-

Table 3.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

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Table 3.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Variable		Model 1				Model 2				Model east		Model central			Model west
Variable		Coefficient	Marginaleffects			Coefficient	Marginaleffects			Coefficient	Marginaleffects	Coefficient		Marginaleffects	Coefficient		Marginaleffects
naincome_ratio		0.617***	0.090***			0.598***	0.088***			0.293	0.045	0.934***		0.134***	0.872**		0.106**
		(0.122)	(0.018)			(0.122)	(0.018)			(0.196)	(0.030)	(0.184)		(0.026)	(0.346)		(0.042)
nalaborratio		0.222	0.032			0.217	0.032			-0.519**	-0.080**	0.589**		0.085**	0.673*		0.082*
		(0.154)	(0.022)			(0.153)	(0.022)			(0.265)	(0.041)	(0.231)		(0.033)	(0.361)		(0.044)
naassetratio		4.721***	0.689***			4.761***	0.697***			4.728***	0.729***	4.999***		0.720***	3.871***		0.472***
		(0.358)	(0.050)			(0.356)	(0.049)			(0.582)	(0.085)	(0.575)		(0.079)	(0.791)		(0.092)
education		0.164***	0.024***			0.154***	0.023***			0.254***	0.039***	0.085		0.012	0.216**		0.026**
		(0.040)	(0.006)			(0.039)	(0.006)			(0.064)	(0.010)	(0.065)		(0.009)	(0.092)		(0.011)
marriage		-0.145	-0.021							-1.343*	-0.207*	-0.118		-0.017	1.214*		0.148*
		(0.312)	(0.045)							(0.764)	(0.118)	(0.427)		(0.061)	(0.698)		(0.085)
average		0.037***	0.005***			0.037***	0.005***			0.035***	0.005***	0.041***		0.006***	0.027***		0.003***
		(0.004)	(0.001)			(0.004)	(0.001)			(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.005)		(0.001)	(0.010)		(0.001)
cadre		-0.149	-0.022							-0.104	-0.016	0.018		0.003	-0.481		-0.059
		(0.167)	(0.024)							(0.266)	(0.041)	(0.258)		(0.037)	(0.414)		(0.050)
forest		-0.229*	-0.033*			-0.215*	-0.031*			-0.180	-0.028	-0.196		-0.028	-0.407**		-0.050**
		(0.119)	(0.017)			(0.118)	(0.017)			(0.319)	(0.049)	(0.175)		(0.025)	(0.202)		(0.024)
organization		0.437**	0.064**			0.431**	0.063**			-0.110	-0.017	0.851**		0.123**	0.746**		0.091**
		(0.194)	(0.028)			(0.194)	(0.028)			(0.338)	(0.052)	(0.337)		(0.048)	(0.363)		(0.044)
requisition		0.074	0.011							-0.204	-0.032	0.034		0.005	0.357		0.044
		(0.111)	(0.016)							(0.181)	(0.028)	(0.188)		(0.027)	(0.236)		(0.029)
	Model 1				Model 2				Model east			Model central				Model west
Variable	Coefficient			Marginaleffects	Coefficient			Marginaleffects	MarginalCoefficienteffects			Coefficient	Marginal effects			Coefficient		Marginaleffects
pcland	-0.346***			-0.050***	-0.352***			-0.052***	-0.357* -0.055*			-0.238***	-0.034***			-0.945*** -		-0.115***
	(0.034)			(0.005)	(0.034)			(0.005)	(0.054) (0.008)			(0.044)	(0.006)			(0.132)		(0.015)
pcgdp	0.363			0.053	0.362			0.053	1.359* 0.210*			-1.420*	-0.204*			-0.235		-0.029
	(0.257)			(0.037)	(0.256)			(0.038)	(0.407) (0.062)			(0.860)	(0.124)			(0.417)		(0.051)
landforms	-0.264**			-0.039**	-0.260**			-0.038**	omitted			-0.497***	-0.072***			omitted
	(0.116)			(0.017)	(0.115)			(0.017)				(0.161)	(0.023)
east	-0.059			-0.009	-0.065			-0.010
	(0.269)			(0.039)	(0.268)			(0.039)
central	-0.026			-0.004	-0.033			-0.005
	(0.125)			(0.018)	(0.124)			(0.018)
Constant	-9.328***				-9.265***				-20.452***			8.908				-2.173
	(2.650)				(2.643)				(4.484)			(9.078)				(4.290)
McFadden’s R²	0.118				0.118				0.127			0.1058				0.2053
AUC	0.739				0.739				0.742			0.728				0.811
N	5400				5416				1940			2330				1130

Table 4.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

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Table 4.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

	Model 1			Model 2		Model east		Model central			Model west
Variable	Coefficient	Marginaleffects		Coefficient	Marginaleffects	Coefficient	Marginaleffects	Coefficient	Marginaleffects		Coefficient	Marginaleffects
naincome ratio	—0.414***	-0.071***		-0.411**	-0.071**	-0.346	-0.047	-0.222	-0.041		-0.939**	-0.197**
	(0.161)	(0.028)		(0.161)	(0.028)	(0.275)	(0.037)	(0.242)	(0.0440		(0.431)	(0.088)
nalabor ratio	-0.231	-0.040		-0.234	-0.040	0.434	0.059	-0.413	-0.076		-1.133**	-0.238**
	(0.223)	(0.038)		(0.222)	(0.038)	(0.376)	(0.051)	(0.343)	(0.063)		(0.521)	(0.107)
naasset_ratio	-1.057**	-0.182**		-1.090**	-0.188**	-1.492*	-0.202*	0.009	0.002		-2.944**	-0.618**
	(0.469)	(0.081)		(0.469)	(0.081)	(0.765)	(0.103)	(0.754)	(0.138)		(1.175)	(0.239)
education	-0.143**	-0.025**		-0.142**	-0.024**	-0.156	-0.021	-0.240**	-0.044**		-0.009	-0.002
marriage	(0.060)-0.720(0.529)	(0.010)-0.124(0.091)		(0.060)	(0.010)	(0.100)0.410(0.723)	(0.014)0.056(0.098)	(0.097)-2.975**(1.224)	(0.018)-0.546**(0.223)		(0.136)0.495(1.431)	(0.029)0.104(0.300)
aver_age	-0.030***	-0.005***		-0.030***	-0.005***	-0.031***	-0.004***	-0.026***	-0.005***		-0.037**	-0.008**
	(0.005)	(0.001)		(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.008)	(0.001)	(0.007)	(0.001)		(0.015)	(0.003)
cadre	0.467**	0.081**		0.477**	0.082**	0.807**	0.109**	0.031	0.006		0.906*	0.190*
forest	(0.202)0.098(0.162)	(0.035)0.017(0.028)		(0.202)	(0.035)	(0.323)1.047**(0.422)	(0.043)0.142**(0.057)	(0.318)-0.383(0.248)	(0.058)-0.070(0.045)		(0.503)0.268(0.277)	(0.104)0.056(0.058)
organization	1.035***	0.178***		1.028***	0.177***	1.701***	0.231***	0.326	0.060		1.407**	0.295**
requisition	(0.238)-0.128(0.175)	(0.040)-0.022(0.030)		(0.237)	(0.040)	(0.347)-0.081(0.275)	(0.046)-0.011(0.037)	(0.446)-0.147(0.292)	(0.082)-0.027(0.054)		(0.563)-0.186(0.426)	(0.115)-0.039(0.089)
	Model		1	Model 2		Model east		Model central			Model west
Variable	Coefficient		Marginal	MarginalCoefficient		MarginalCoefficient		Coefficient		Marginal	Coefficient		Marginal
			effects	effects		effects				effects			effects
	0.310***		0.053***	0.310* 0.054*		0.430* 0.058*		0.293***		0.054***	0.093		0.019
pcland	(0.026)		(0.004)	(0.026) (0.004)		(0.044) (0.005)		(0.045)		(0.008)	(0.064)		(0.013)
	0.713*		0.123*	0.743 0.128		-2.365* -0.321*		1.717		0.315	1.901***		0.399***
pcgdp	(0.376)		(0.065)	(0.370) (0.064)		(0.724) (0.097)		(1.163)		(0.212)	(0.624)		(0.125)
	-1.113* -0.192*			-1.119* -0.193*				-1.099***		-0.201***
landforms	(0.160)		(0.027)	(0.159) (0.027)		omitted		(0.213)		(0.037)	omitted
	-0.047		-0.008	-0.087 -0.015
east	(0.396)		(0.068)	(0.389) (0.067)
	0.397**		0.068**	0.380 0.066
central	(0.183)		(0.031)	(0.180) (0.031)
	-6.154			-6.430*		26.356***		-16.609			-16.691***
Constant	(3.860)			(3.798)		(7.949)		(12.277)			(6.421)
McFadden’s R²	0.159			0.158		0.230		0.158			0.100
AUC	0.764			0.763		0.789		0.762			0.723
N	2507			2507		1154		987			366

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Jiayue WANG, Liangjie XIN, Yahui WANG. How farmers’ non-agricultural employment affects rural land circulation in China?[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(3): 378

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Paper Information

Received: Jan. 9, 2019

Accepted: Jun. 5, 2019

Published Online: Sep. 29, 2020

The Author Email: XIN Liangjie (xinlj@igsnrr.ac.cn)

DOI:10.1007/s11442-020-1733-8

Topics

Resource Economy

Research Articles

Table 1. Variable definition and statistical description

Table 1. Variable definition and statistical description

Table 2. Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

Table 2. Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

Table 3. The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers5 land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 3. The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers5 land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 4. The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers5 land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 4. The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers5 land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 1.
Variable definition and statistical description

Table 1.
Variable definition and statistical description

Table 2.
Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

Table 2.
Land transfer rate and farmers’ non-agricultural employment in different provinces in 2013 (%)

Table 3.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 3.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-out behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 4.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013

Table 4.
The impact of non-agricultural employment on farmers⁵ land transfer-in behavior in China, Eastern China, Central China and Western China in 2013