Fig. 1. ESR spectra (a) of polycrystalline methanol at 4.2 K and 77 K: ① 20 min after X-irradiation at 4.2 K, the arrow marked with g_f indicates a DPPH marker; ② 2 h after X-irradiation at 4.2 K; ③ after annealing at 77 K for 1 min, the arrows in ③ indicate the trace amount of •CH₃ remained after annealing^[23]. Products yields as a function of nitrous oxide concentration (b) ^[31]

Fig. 2. Pathway diagram of methanol radiolysis

Fig. 3. Time variations of radiolytic molecular products in methanol solution: (a) at 25 ℃ with the γ-ray dose rate of 2 Gy/s; (b) at 300 ℃ with the γ dose rate of 10 kGy/s; (c) time variations of major organic compounds in the presence of 5 mg/L methanol at 25 ℃ with the γ-ray dose rate of 2 Gy/s

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of a high-temperature and high-pressure water loop system^[41]; (b) Raman spectra of Zr sample after experiment^[42]; (c) corrosion potential of stainless steel pipe for methanol and hydrogen additions^[11]