[1] Techasatian L, Sanaphay V, Paopongsawan P et al. Neonatal birthmarks: a prospective survey in 1000 neonates[J]. Global Pediatric Health, 6, 1-8(2019).

[2] Rivers J K, Frederiksen P C, Dibdin C. A prevalence survey of dermatoses in the Australian neonate[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 23, 77-81(1990).

[3] Jacobs A H, Walton R G. The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate[J]. Pediatrics, 58, 218-222(1976).

[4] Smoller B R, Rosen S. Port-wine stains. A disease of altered neural modulation of blood vessels？[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 122, 177-179(1986).

[5] Shafirstein G, Bäumler W, Lapidoth M et al. A new mathematical approach to the diffusion approximation theory for selective photothermolysis modeling and its implication in laser treatment of port-wine stains[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 34, 335-347(2004).

[6] Fiskerstrand E J, Svaasand L O, Kopstad G et al. Photothermally induced vessel-wall necrosis after pulsed dye laser treatment: lack of response in port-wine stains with small sized or deeply located vessels[J]. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 107, 671-675(1996).

[7] Klein A, Bäumler W, Landthaler M et al. Laser and IPL treatment of port-wine stains: therapy options, limitations, and practical aspects[J]. Lasers in Medical Science, 26, 845-859(2011).

[8] Geronemus R G, Ashinoff R. The medical necessity of evaluation and treatment of port-wine stains[J]. The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, 17, 76-79(1991).

[9] Troilius A, Wrangsjö B, Ljunggren B. Patients with port-wine stains and their psychosocial reactions after photothermolytic treatment[J]. Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surger, 26, 190-196(2000).

[10] Babilas P, Schreml S, Eames T et al. Split-face comparison of intense pulsed light with short- and long-pulsed dye lasers for the treatment of port-wine stains[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 42, 720-727(2010).

[11] Anderson R R, Parrish J A. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation[J]. Science, 220, 524-527(1983).

[12] Savas J A, Ledon J A, Franca K et al. Pulsed dye laser-resistant port-wine stains: mechanisms of resistance and implications for treatment[J]. The British Journal of Dermatology, 168, 941-953(2013).

[13] Phung T L, Oble D A, Jia W C et al. Can the wound healing response of human skin be modulated after laser treatment and the effects of exposure extended? Implications on the combined use of the pulsed dye laser and a topical angiogenesis inhibitor for treatment of port wine stain birthmarks[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 40, 1-5(2008).

[14] Marqués L, Núñez-Córdoba J M, Aguado L et al. Topical rapamycin combined with pulsed dye laser in the treatment of capillary vascular malformations in Sturge-Weber syndrome: phase II, randomized, double-blind, intraindividual placebo-controlled clinical trial[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 72, 151-158(2015).

[15] Katugampola G A, Lanigan S W. Five years’ experience of treating port wine stains with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye laser[J]. The British Journal of Dermatology, 137, 750-754(1997).

[16] Jia W C, Sun V, Tran N et al. Long-term blood vessel removal with combined laser and topical rapamycin antiangiogenic therapy: implications for effective port wine stain treatment[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 42, 105-112(2010).

[17] Huikeshoven M, Koster P H L, de Borgie C A J M et al. Redarkening of port-wine stains 10 years after pulsed-dye-laser treatment[J]. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 1235-1240(2007).

[18] Gu Y, Huang N Y, Liang J et al. Clinical study of 1949 cases of port wine stains treated with vascular photodynamic therapy (Gu’s PDT)[J]. Annales De Dermatologie et De Venereologie, 134, 241-244(2007).

[19] Gu Y, Li J H, Jiang Y P et al. A clinical study of photodynamic therapy for port wine stain-a report of 40 cases[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 1, 6-10(1992).

[20] Gu Y, Li J H, Shan H Y et al. Clinical application of copper vapor laser in PDT for fifty cases of PWS[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 3, 215-217(1994).

[21] Qin Z P, Li K L, Ren L et al. Photodynamic therapy of port wine stains—a report of 238 cases[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 4, 53-59(2007).

[22] Qiu H X, Gu Y, Wang Y et al. Twenty years of clinical experience with a new modality of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy for port wine stains[J]. Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, 37, 1603-1610(2011).

[23] Gao K, Huang Z, Yuan K H et al. Side-by-side comparison of photodynamic therapy and pulsed-dye laser treatment of port-wine stain birthmarks[J]. The British Journal of Dermatology, 168, 1040-1046(2013).

[24] Yuan K H[D]. Optical detection the structure of malformed vessels in port wine stain and research of the relationship with treatment efficacy, 62-81(2012).

[25] Yu W X, Ma G, Qiu Y J et al. Why do port-wine stains (PWS) on the lateral face respond better to pulsed dye laser (PDL) than those located on the central face？[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 74, 527-535(2016).

[26] Elibieta H P, Kurzyna A. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck[J]. Otolaryngologia Polska, 60, 663-674(2006).

[27] Zhou G Y, Zhang Z Y, Li J. Computed assessment of pathological images on 52 case’ biopsies of port wine stain[J]. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 9, 112-115(1999).

[28] Liu F G, Gu Y, Yu C Q et al. Effect of photosensitizer photobleaching on vascular selectivity of photodynamic therapy[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 11, 137-140(2002).

[29] Gu Y, Li J H, Jiang Y P et al. A study on the mechanism of photodynamic therapy for port wine stains[J]. Cinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 141-144, 177(1992).

[30] Li W B, Shen Y, Li B H. Advances in optical imaging for monitoring photodynamic therapy dosimetry[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0207006(2020).

[31] Chen B, Pogue B W, Hoopes P J et al. Vascular and cellular targeting for photodynamic therapy[J]. Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression, 16, 279-305(2006).

[32] Zhao S Y, Gu Y, Xue P et al. Imaging port wine stains by fiber optical coherence tomography[J]. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 15, 036020(2010).

[33] Zhou Y, Yin D Q, Xue P et al. Imaging of skin microvessels with optical coherence tomography: potential uses in port wine stains[J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 4, 1017-1021(2012).

[34] Zhen J, Wang C M, Wang Y et al. Optical coherence tomography: a potential tool for prediction of treatment response for port wine stain after photodynamic therapy[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 9268, 926807(2014).

[35] Wang C[D]. Ultrahigh speed OCT and its applications in clinical and forensic study, 39-53(2018).

[36] Astner S, González S, Cuevas J et al. Preliminary evaluation of benign vascular lesions using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy[J]. Dermatologic Surgery: Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, 36, 1099-1110(2010).

[37] Ren J, Qian H, Xiang L H et al. The assessment of pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains with reflectance confocal microscopy[J]. Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 16, 21-25(2014).

[38] Motley R J, Lanigan S W, Katugampola G A. Videomicroscopy predicts outcome in treatment of port-wine stains[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 133, 921-922(1997).

[39] Sevila A, Nagore E, Botella-Estrada R et al. Videomicroscopy of venular malformations (port-wine stain type): prediction of response to pulsed dye laser[J]. Pediatric Dermatology, 21, 589-596(2004).

[40] Viator J A, Au G, Paltauf G et al. Clinical testing of a photoacoustic probe for port wine stain depth determination[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 30, 141-148(2002).

[41] Viator J A, Choi B, Ambrose M et al. In vivo port-wine stain depth determination with a photoacoustic probe[J]. Applied Optics, 42, 3215-3224(2003).

[42] Kolkman R G M, Mulder M J, Glade C P et al. Photoacoustic imaging of port-wine stains[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 40, 178-182(2008).

[43] Ma H G, Cheng Z W, Wang Z Y et al. Quantitative and anatomical imaging of dermal angiopathy by noninvasive photoacoustic microscopic biopsy[J]. Biomedical Optics Express, 12, 6300-6316(2021).

[44] Wang Z, Yang F, Ma H et al. Bifocal 532/1064 nm alternately illuminated photoacoustic microscopy for capturing deep vascular morphology in human skin[J]. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV, 36, 51-59(2022).

[45] Latrive A, Teixeira L R, Gomes A S et al. Characterization of skin Port-Wine Stain and Hemangioma vascular lesions using Doppler OCT[J]. Skin Research and Technology, 22, 223-229(2016).

[46] Waibel J S, Holmes J, Rudnick A et al. Angiographic optical coherence tomography imaging of hemangiomas and port wine birthmarks[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 1-9(2018).

[47] Liu Y D, Zhu D, Xu J J et al. Penetration-enhanced optical coherence tomography angiography with optical clearing agent for clinical evaluation of human skin[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 30, 101734(2020).

[48] Mehrabi J N, Holmes J, Abrouk M et al. Vascular characteristics of port wine birthmarks as measured by dynamic optical coherence tomography[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 85, 1537-1543(2021).

[49] Troilius A M, Ljunggren B. Evaluation of port wine stains by laser Doppler perfusion imaging and reflectance photometry before and after pulsed dye laser treatment[J]. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 76, 291-294(1996).

[50] Jiang L, Gu Y, Li X et al. Changes of skin perfusion after photodynamic therapy for port wine stain[J]. Chinese Medical Journal, 111, 136-138(1998).

[51] Mermod T, El Ezzi O, Raffoul W et al. Assessment of the role of LASER-Doppler in the treatment of port-wine stains in infants[J]. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 50, 1388-1392(2015).

[52] Chen D F, Ren J, Wang Y et al. Intraoperative monitoring of blood perfusion in port wine stains by laser Doppler imaging during vascular targeted photodynamic therapy: a preliminary study[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 14, 142-151(2016).

[53] Huang Y C, Tran N, Shumaker P R et al. Blood flow dynamics after laser therapy of port wine stain birthmarks[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 41, 563-571(2009).

[54] Yang B, Yang O, Guzman J et al. Intraoperative, real-time monitoring of blood flow dynamics associated with laser surgery of port wine stain birthmarks[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 47, 469-475(2015).

[55] Xue P. Development of high-performance optical coherence tomography[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers-Zhongguo Jiguang, 48, 398-408(2021).

[56] Barton J, Welch A, Izatt J. Investigating pulsed dye laser-blood vessel interaction with color Doppler optical coherence tomography[J]. Optics Express, 3, 251-256(1998).

[57] Li Y, Wei W, Wang R K. Capillary flow homogenization during functional activation revealed by optical coherence tomography angiography based capillary velocimetry[J]. Scientific Reports, 8, 4107(2018).

[58] Zhao Y, Brecke K M, Ren H et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of in vivo blood vessels in human skin using phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 7, 931-935(2001).

[59] Barsky S H, Rosen S, Geer D E et al. The nature and evolution of port wine stains: a computer-assisted study[J]. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 74, 154-157(1980).

[60] Pattyn A, Mumm Z, Alijabbari N et al. Model-based optical and acoustical compensation for photoacoustic tomography of heterogeneous mediums[J]. Photoacoustics, 23, 100275(2021).

[61] Long X Y, Tian C. Biomedical photoacoustic microscopy: advances in technology and applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 47, 0207016(2020).

[62] Shahriari N, Grant-Kels J M, Rabinovitz H et al. Reflectance confocal microscopy: diagnostic criteria of common benign and malignant neoplasms, dermoscopic and histopathologic correlates of key confocal criteria, and diagnostic algorithms[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 84, 17-31(2021).

[63] Rajadhyaksha M, González S, Zavislan J M et al. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin II: advances in instrumentation and comparison with histology[J]. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 113, 293-303(1999).

[64] Rajadhyaksha M, Grossman M, Esterowitz D et al. In vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy of human skin: melanin provides strong contrast[J]. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 104, 946-952(1995).

[65] Sharif S A, Taydas E, Mazhar A et al. Noninvasive clinical assessment of port-wine stain birthmarks using current and future optical imaging technology: a review[J]. The British Journal of Dermatology, 167, 1215-1223(2012).

[66] Chang C J, Yu J S, Nelson J S. Confocal microscopy study of neurovascular distribution in facial port wine stains (capillary malformation)[J]. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 107, 559-566(2008).

[67] Marghoob N, Navarrete-Dechent C, Liopyris K et al. Dermoscopic features of benign vascular lesions presenting on volar skin: a case series and literature review[J]. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 33, 444-445(2019).

[68] Eubanks L E, McBurney E I. Videomicroscopy of port-wine stains: correlation of location and depth of lesion[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 44, 948-951(2001).

[69] Basak K, Manjunatha M, Dutta P K. Review of laser speckle-based analysis in medical imaging[J]. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, 50, 547-558(2012).

[70] Chen D F, Ren J, Wang Y et al. Relationship between the blood perfusion values determined by laser speckle imaging and laser Doppler imaging in normal skin and port wine stains[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 13, 1-9(2016).

[71] Huang N Y, Gu Y, Liu F G et al. Preliminary exploration of mathematical simulation of photodynamic treatment on port wine stains’ reaction system[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 14, 83-89(2005).

[72] Garden J M. Laser removal of port wine stains: how close are we? Acommentary[J]. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 39, 569-570(2007).

[73] Gan L Q, Wang H, Ni S L et al. A clinical study of HMME-PDT therapy in Chinese pediatric patients with port-wine stain[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 23, 102-105(2018).

[74] Zhang Y J, Yang Y G, Zhang Z et al. Clinical study on hemoporfin PDT for infant facial port-wine stains[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 25, 106-110(2019).

[75] Wang D, Fu H[M]. Histological map of human skin (color)(1999).

[76] Savchenko E P, Tuchin V V. Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in multilayered tissue with cleared inclusions[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 4432, 247-252(2001).

[77] Huang N Y[D]. Mathematical modeling and verification study on photodynamic therapy for port wine stains, 114-115(2005).

[78] Zhao Y, Tu P, Zhou G Y et al. Hemoporfin photodynamic therapy for port-wine stain: a randomized controlled trial[J]. PLoS One, 11, e0156219(2016).

[79] Yu W X, Zhu J F, Han Y et al. Assessment of outcomes with pulsed dye laser treatment of port-wine stains located proximally vs distally on extremities[J]. JAMA Dermatology, 156, 702-704(2020).

[80] Jacques S L. Optical assessment of cutaneous blood volume depends on the vessel size distribution: a computer simulation study[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 3, 75-81(2010).

[81] Tan O T, Morrison P, Kurban A K. 585 nm for the treatment of port-wine stains[J]. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 86, 1112-1117(1990).

[82] Waner M, Suen J Y[M]. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck(1999).

[83] Gu Y, Liu F G, Wang K et al. A clinic analysis of 1216 cases of port wine stain treated by photodynamic therapy[J]. Chinese Journal of Laser Medicine & Surgery, 10, 86-89(2001).

[84] Li D C, Nong X, Hu Z Y et al. Efficacy and related factors analysis in HMME-PDT in the treatment of port wine stains[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 29, 101649(2020).

[85] Han Y, Ying H R, Zhang X L et al. Retrospective study of photodynamic therapy for pulsed dye laser-resistant port-wine stains[J]. The Journal of Dermatology, 47, 348-355(2020).

[86] Fusano M, Bencini P L. Capillaroscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy characterization of refractory port-wine stains[J]. Lasers in Medical Science, 36, 407-412(2021).

[87] Smithies D J, van Gemert M J, Hansen M K et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of port wine stain vascular anatomy from serial histological sections[J]. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 42, 1843-1847(1997).

[88] Ohmori S, Huang C K. Recent progress in the treatment of portwine staining by argon laser: some observations on the prognostic value of relativespectro-reflectance (RSR) and the histological classification of the lesions[J]. British Journal of Plastic Surgery, 34, 249-257(1981).

[89] Finley J L, Noe J M, Arndt K A et al. Port-wine stains. Morphologic variations and developmental lesions[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 120, 1453-1455(1984).

[90] Wen L, Zhang Y F, Zhang L L et al. Application of different noninvasive diagnostic techniques used in HMME-PDT in the treatment of port wine stains[J]. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 25, 369-375(2019).

[91] Chen D F, Ren J, Wang Y et al. Laser Doppler line scanner for monitoring skin perfusion changes of port wine stains during vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy[J]. Proceedings of SPIE, 9268-92681(2014).

[92] Ren J, Li P C, Zhao H Y et al. Assessment of tissue perfusion changes in port wine stains after vascular targeted photodynamic therapy: a short-term follow-up study[J]. Lasers in Medical Science, 29, 781-788(2014).

[93] Finley J L, Clark R A, Colvin R B et al. Immunofluorescent staining with antibodies to factor VIII, fibronectin, and collagenous basement membrane protein in normal human skin and port wine stains[J]. Archives of Dermatology, 118, 971-975(1982).

[94] Li Q[D]. Establish of assessment system for curative effects of laser treatment on nevus flammeus and its clinical application, 31-32(2007).