Journal of Inorganic Materials, Volume. 38, Issue 2, 125(2023)
Current Status and Development Trend of Cold Sintering Process
Figures & Tables(16)
![SEM images of cold sintered ZnO ceramics with different solvents[54]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
. SEM images of cold sintered ZnO ceramics with different solvents[54]
. Cold sintered BaTiO3 ceramics obtained by holding at 300 ℃ for 12 h[56]
. Cold sintered BaTiO3 ceramics obtained by holding at 150 ℃ for 15 h[57]
. Electrical properties of three composites prepared by cold sintering process[19]
Table 1. Definition table of sintering techniques[13-14]
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Definition table of sintering techniques[13-14]
Technique Name (Abbreviation) Definition Traditional sintering Conventional sintering (ConvS) Thermal sintering at heating rate of 1-10 ℃/min Two step sintering (TSS) Thermal sintering divided in two steps (heating; cooling and densification) Fast firing (FF) Rapid sintering with short soaking times and high heating rates Sinter forging (SF) Sintering in presence of uniaxial pressure in die-less configuration Hot pressing (HP) Sintering at high temperature and in presence of uniaxial pressure Hydrothermal hot pressing (HIP) Sintering at high temperature and in presence of hydrostatic pressure Liquid phase sintering Cold sintering process (CSP) Sintering at T<400 ℃ in presence of solvent and uniaxial pressure Cold hydrostatic consolidation (CHC) Sintering at room temperature in presence of solvent and hydrostatic pressure Hydrothermal hot pressing (HHP) Pressure-assisted sintering in hydrothermal conditions Hydrothermal reaction sintering (HRS) Sintering of oxide ceramics in presence of supercritical water Water vapor-assisted sintering (WVAS) Conventional sintering in a humid atmosphere Reactive hydrothermal liquid-phase densification (rHLPD) Sintering at low temperature assisted by hydrothermal reaction Flash-like Flash sintering (FS) Rapid sintering at low furnace temperature in presence of electric field Thermally insulated flash sintering (TIFS) Flash sintering where the sample is thermally insulated from the environment Flash sinterforging (FSF) Flash sintering in presence of uniaxial pressure in die-less configuration Sliding electrodes flash sintering (SEFS) Flash sintering where the electrodes are in relative motion with respect to the sample Water-assisted flash sintering (WAFS) Flash sintering in humid atmosphere Contactless flash sintering (CLFS) Flash sintering with electrodes in non-contact mode SPS-like Spark plasma sintering (SPS) Sintering in presence of a DC electric potential and uniaxial pressure Deformable punch spark plasma sintering (DPSPS) Spark plasma sintering at very high pressure (1000-2000 MPa) Flash spark plasma sintering (FSPS) Hybrid technique of flash sintering and spark plasma sintering Cool spark plasma sintering (CSPS) Spark plasma sintering at T<400 ℃ and high pressure (300-600 MPa) High pressure spark plasma sintering (HPSPS) Spark plasma sintering at high pressure (102-103 MPa) Sacrificial material spark plasma sintering (SMPS) Spark plasma sintering with a sacrificial die to form samples with complex shapes Others Ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) Rapid sintering at heating rate of 103-104 ℃/min Cold sintering (CS) Sintering of ductile materials at high pressure and low temperature Microwave sintering (MWS) Densification assisted by heating with an electromagnetic radiation Induction sintering (IS) Densification assisted by heating with an induction system Capacitor discharge sintering (CDS) Rapid sintering with electric energy supplied by capacitor discharge
Table 2. Ceramic materials prepared by CSP[29,38,50]
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Ceramic materials prepared by CSP[29,38,50]
Binary compound Ternary compound Quaternary compound Quinary compound MoO3 Li2CO3 LiFePO4 LiAl0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 WO3 CsSO4 LiCoPO4 Li0.5xBi1-0.5xMoxV1-xO4 V2O3 Li2MoO4 KH2PO4 (Bi0.95Li0.05)(V0.9Mo0.1)O4 V2O5 Na2Mo2O7 Ca5(PO4)3(OH) Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 ZnO K2Mo2O7 (LiBi)0.5MoO4 - Bi2O3 ZnMoO4 CsH2PO4 - Fe2O3 K2MoO4 InGaZnO4 - SiO2 Bi2Mo2O9 K0.5Na0.5NbO3 - CsBr Gd2(MoO4)3 LiFePO4 - MgO Li2WO4 Li2Mg3TiO6 - PbTe Na2WO4 Na0.5Bi0.5MoO4 - Bi2Te3 LiVO3 Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 - NaCl BiVO4 YBa2Cu3O7-x - ZnTe AgVO3 - - AgI Na2ZrO3 - - CuCl BaTiO3 - - ZrF4 NaNO2 - - ZrO2 Mg2P2O7 - - Al2O3 BaMoO4 - - CeO2 Cs2WO4 - - MnO NaxCO2O4 - - SnO Ca3Co4O9 - - TiO2 KPO3 - - MoS2 Al2SiO5 - - - Ca3Co4O9 - - - CaCO3 - - - BaFe12O19 - - - ZrW2O8 - - - NaNbO3 - - - SrTiO3 - -
Table 3. Composites prepared by CSP
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Composites prepared by CSP
Ceramic-polymer composite Solvent Processing conditions Relative density Application Ref. Li2MoO4-PTFE Deionized (DI) water 120 ℃, 350 MPa, 15-20 min 96%-97% Dielectrics [19] Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3/PVDF-HFP DI water 120 ℃, 400 MPa, 60 min 80%-86% Li-ion battery electrolytes [ 19 ]V2O5-PEDOT:PSS DI water 120 ℃, 350 MPa, 20-30 min 91%-93% Negative-temperature-resistance sensors [ 19 ,58 ](LiBi)0.5MoO4-PTFE DI water 120 ℃, 250-350 MPa, 20 min >85% Dielectrics [ 21 ]Na2Mo2O7-PEI DI water 120 ℃, 175-350 MPa, 20 min >90% Dielectrics [ 59 ]SiO2-PTFE TEOS/NaOH 270 ℃, 430 MPa, 60 min 90%-99% Dielectrics [ 60 ]BaTiO3-PTFE Ba(OH)2·8H2O 225 ℃, 350 MPa, 120 min >90% Dielectrics [ 61 ]ZnO-PTFE Acetic acid 300 ℃, 350 MPa, 30 min 93%-99% Varistors [ 62 ]LiFePO4-C-PVDF LiOH 240 ℃, 30-750 MPa, 30 min 89% Li-ion electrodes [ 63 ]NaNbO3-PVDF DI water 180 ℃, 550 MPa, 10 min 97% Dielectrics [ 64 ]ZnO-PEEK Acetic acid 330 ℃, 300 MPa, 120 min >98% Varistors [ 65 -66 ]ZnO-PDMS Acetic acid 250 ℃, 320 MPa, 60 min >90% Varistors [ 67 ]ZnO/PVDF-TrFE Acetic acid 140 ℃, 300 MPa, 240 min >95% Varistors [ 68 ]ZnO-PEI-Mn2O3-CoO Acetic acid 150 ℃, 27 MPa, 60 min 88% Varistors [ 69 ]LiFePO4-Li6.95Mg0.15La2.75Sr0.25Zr2O12-PPC-LiClO4 DMF 100-140℃, 400 MPa, 90-180 min >85% Li-ion battery electrolytes [ 70 ]
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Jingjing FENG, Youran ZHANG, Mingsheng MA, Yiqing LU, Zhifu LIU. Current Status and Development Trend of Cold Sintering Process[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(2): 125
Paper Information
Category: EDITORIAL
Received: Jun. 17, 2022
Accepted: --
Published Online: Sep. 27, 2023
The Author Email: FENG Jingjing (fengjingjing@mail.sic.ac.cn)
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