Fig. 1. Experimental equipment

Fig. 2. Schematics of 316L stainless steel sample prepared by additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing. (a) Additive manufacturing; (b) subtractive manufacturing; (c) additive manufacturing; (d) subtractive manufacturing; (e) finish manufacturing

Fig. 3. Surface morphology of 316L stainless steel added and subtracted by additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing. (a) Surface after additive manufacturing; (b) surface after subtractive manufacturing

Fig. 4. Variations of surface roughness of 316L stainless steel prepared by additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing with milling parameters. (a) Variation of surface roughness with milling speed; (b) variation of surface roughness with feed per tooth

Fig. 5. Surface roughness comparison between additive and subtractive hybrid manufactured sample and traditional process manufactured substrate sample after milling

Fig. 6. Microhardness of 316L stainless steel samples prepared by different forming methods (A: additive and subtractive hybrid manufactured sample; B: additive manufactured sample; C: forged sample)

Fig. 7. Tensile properties of 316L stainless steel samples prepared by different forming methods (A: additive and subtractive hybrid manufactured sample; B: additive manufactured sample)

Fig. 8. 316L stainless steel tire mold parts manufactured by additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing. (a) Three-dimensional model of tire mold; (b) tire mold parts manufactured by additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing