Fig. 1. (a) Interaction between photoexcited valence band and conduction band transitions and solids; (b) Optical interaction with the molecular system ''A''; (c) Time scales of major physical/chemical processes at various time scales^[17]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of energy redistribution in the interaction of laser with absorbing material, diffusion material and absorption diffusion adjacent material, respectively^[18]

Fig. 3. Schematics of (a) LIFT and LIBT and (b) thermal ablation and cavity blasting process of the film under laser irradiation^[20]; (c) Schematic and FE-SEM images of brass deposition on glass substrate by LIFT method^[21]; (d) Schematic diagram of LIFT stacking copper droplet nanoparticles to form a copper column and the whole and amplified SEM images of the Cu column^[22−23]; (e) Schematic diagram of the ideal gold structure and the cross-section of gold and copper prepared using a computer-aided design Cu support structure, and a SEM image of the gold spiral observed at 60°^[24]; (f) Shadow images (scale: 10 μm) ejected at different time from LIFT to flash delay of 300 ns and 600 ns under the irradiation of two synchronous laser pulses, and SEM images (scale: 20 μm) of the remaining structure on the donor film after LIFT treatment at different time^[27]

Fig. 4. (a) Top and bottom focusing process diagram of LIHG method (left) and the laser energy (electric field) constructed by ZnO nanowire arrays and its interaction with nanowires (right)^[30]; (b) Synthesis of heterogeneous metal oxide nanowire arrays on flexible substrates (top) and SEM images of the growth of TiO₂ nanoparticles over time (bottom)^[32]; (c) Preparation and LIHG process diagram of MnO₂ nanowire arrays (top) and FE-SEM images of MnO₂ nanostructures grown over time^[34]; (d) Schematic and SEM images of the growth process of iron oxide micro-rod junction (upper) and kink (lower) processed by LIHG (the upper and lower scales are 50 μm and 10 μm, respectively)^[31]; (e) LIHG process diagram of a single silver nanowire (left) and SEM image of the hierarchical heterojunction of ZnO nanowire branches grown on the silver nanowire skeleton^[36]

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic of overview of the key processes of PLD and the parameters that can be customized to change; (b) In laser ablation, the material is melted and vaporized to form a shock wave, and finally the plume expands and ejects after the laser pulse is terminated^[39]; (c) Simulated infrared temperature images of different regions of the laser-induced plasma plume and the angle change of the plasma plume based on the spot size^[40]; (d) Experimental apparatus for the growth of amorphous boron phosphide by PLD and the TEM images of amorphous boron phosphide and cross section grown on SiO₂/Si wafers using this apparatus^[41]; (e) Schematic of PLD setup and the Raman spectrum and atomic structure diagram of hexagonal boron nitride grown on sapphire substrate^[42]; (f) Top-view atomic structure diagrams of boron phosphide samples (upper left) and crystalline boron phosphide and amorphous boron phosphide deposited under different conditions (lower left), as well as Raman spectra of films and bulk boron phosphide grown on graphene/copper substrates deposited at 150 ℃ (right)^[43]

Fig. 6. (a) Main stages of the system relaxation process of each laser pulse at different time scales with electron density map inset^[47]; (b) Schematic diagram of the nanobubble mechanism under high nanoparticle mass concentration and low nanoparticle mass concentration laser irradiation^[48]; (c) Schematic of the nanoparticle composition pathway of the laser-driven reaction of target material with the precursor or buffer molecule during PLAL process; (d) Schematic of laser processing of PLAL and its three variants^[50]; (e) Variation of the yield of nanoparticles with laser parameters and the processing diagram^[52]

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic (left) and stage diagram (right) of alloy nanoparticles in gold/iron/glass multilayer films with different thicknesses and deposition sequences^[53]; (b) Morphological changes of the original boron amorphous particles after laser irradiation with different energy densities in water and organic solvents; (c) Schematic of the particle formation mechanism under high and low energy density laser irradiation in organic solvents^[54]

Fig. 8. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of graphene coated with RuO₂ nanoparticles^[59]; (b) Schematic diagram of LrGO/Fe₃O₄ prepared by CO₂ laser and the TEM image of LrGO/Fe₃O₄ with SAED pattern inset^[60];(c) Schematic diagram of the deposition process of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles anchored on porous graphene by LISSID method and the scanning trajectory of the focused laser beam along the PI film coated with ferric chloride (above), as well as the SEM images of 3D graphene and graphene/Fe₃O₄ composites, SAED patterns of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles^[63]; (d) Schematic and side view (top right) of laser-induced formation of carbon/MoO₃ composites on the substrate by MoCl₅ precursor assisted ultrafast laser carbonization method, as well as the side view of laser processing imaging on the nanometer scale and millisecond scale^[65]; (e) Schematic diagram of material preparation (1-5) and formation mechanism (i-iii) of laser-induced nanomaterials integrated into PET, and the formation process of aluminum nanoparticles during laser processing at the micro level^[67]; (f) Schematic diagram of the conversion mechanism of MoO₂/graphene-CC composites during laser processing^[66]