This study investigated the mutagenic effects of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation on different Lycium materials. The annual spikes of four species of Lycium, i.e., Z29, Z62, T3, and Z99, were treated with 0 Gy, 20 Gy, 40, Gy 60 Gy, 80 Gy, and 100 Gy of ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation. Subsequently, their survival rate, growth traits, and physiological and biochemical indexes were measured and analyzed statistically. The results showed that as the absorbed dose increased, the survival rate, stem diameter, and plant height of all four materials decreased significantly compared with those of the control group (p < 0.05). The survival rate of T3 was zero at 80 Gy and 100 Gy. Meanwhile, Z29 exhibited zero survival at 100 Gy, and Z62 and Z99 exhibited survival rates below 10% at 100 Gy. Linear-regression ANOVA results revealed LD₅₀ values of 47.54 Gy for Z29, 49.38 Gy for Z62, 23.99 Gy for T3, and 49.60 Gy for Z99, thus highlighting the reduced tolerance of T3 to ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation compared with those of other Lycium materials. The optimal absorbed dose for Z99 was 40 Gy, whereas those for Z29, Z62, and T3 were 0 Gy-40 Gy, 0 Gy-20 Gy, and 20 Gy-40 Gy, respectively, thus indicating distinct preferences. ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation resulted in growth-inhibitory effects on all Lycium species, which intensified as the absorbed dose increased. The absorbed doses at 20 and 40 Gy had less effect on the growth of the test materials. These findings offer valuable insights for the genetic enhancement and breeding of Lycium.