In order to explore the influence of matrix factors on the mechanical properties and fluidity of steel fiber sprayed mortar, the mechanical properties and fluidity of mortar specimens were tested based on orthogonal test method. The results show that the ratio of sand to cement (A) has a great influence on the splitting tensile strength, and has a certain influence on 7 d compressive strength, and has a particularly significant effect on later flexural strength. The influence of steel fiber content (B) on splitting tensile strength, early flexural strength and early and middle compressive strength is particularly significant, significant and insignificant, respectively. The content of accelerator (C) has a significant effect on compressive strength before 7 d and the splitting tensile strength in middle and late stages. The content of fly ash (D) has significant influence on compressive strength in late stage. The four factors have no significant influence on fluidity. The optimal mix ratio of compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and fluidity are obtained by analytic hierarchy process as A1B3C3D1, A3B3C1D2, A3B3C3D1, A2B1C1D3, and the optimal mix ratio is obtained by efficiency coefficient method as A2B3C1D2. The steel fiber plays a bridging and anchoring strengthening role in matrix. During the hydration process, the accelerator consumes a large amount of Ca(OH)2 and generates ettringite, which is the main reason for the rapid increase in early strength of sprayed mortar.