[1] [1] Orthopedic devices market size, share & trends analysis report by product (joint replacement/orthopedic implants, sports medicine, orthobiologics), by end-use (hospitals, outpatient facilities), by region, and segment forecasts, 2023–2030 2023 Research and Markets (available at: www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4599561/orthopedic-devices-market-size-share-and-trends) (Accessed 25 October 2023)

[2] [2] Amini A R, Laurencin C T and Nukavarapu S P 2012 Bone tissue engineering: recent advances and challenges Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng.40 363–408

[3] [3] Haugen H J, Lyngstadaas S P, Rossi F and Perale G 2019 Bone grafts: which is the ideal biomaterial J. Clin. Periodontol.46 92–102

[4] [4] Fernandez De Grado G, Keller L, Idoux-Gillet Y, Wagner Q, Musset A M, Benkirane-Jessel N, Bornert F and Offner D 2018 Bone substitutes: a review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management J. Tissue Eng.9 2041731418776819

[5] [5] Jo S H, Kim Y K and Choi Y H 2018 Histological evaluation of the healing process of various bone graft materials after engraftment into the human body Materials11 714

[6] [6] Baldwin P, Li D J, Auston D A, Mir H S, Yoon R S and Koval K J 2019 Autograft, allograft, and bone graft substitutes: clinical evidence and indications for use in the setting of orthopaedic trauma surgery J. Orthop. Trauma33 203–13

[7] [7] Bonani W, Singhatanadgige W, Pornanong A and Motta A 2018 Natural origin materials for osteochondral tissue engineering Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Nanotechnology, Scaffolding-Related Developments and Translation ed J M Oliveira, S Pina, R L Reis and J S Roman (Springer) pp 3–30

[8] [8] Shekhawat D, Singh A, Bhardwaj A and Patnaik A 2021 A short review on polymer, metal and ceramic based implant materials IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.1017 012038

[9] [9] Pina S, Rebelo R, Correlo V M, Oliveira J M and Reis R L 2018 Bioceramics for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering and Regeneration (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology vol 1058) ed J Oliveira, S Pina, R Reis and J S Roman (Springer)

[10] [10] Bigham A, Raucci M G, Zheng K, Boccaccini A R and Ambrosio L 2023 Oxygen-deficient bioceramics: combination of diagnosis, therapy, and regeneration Adv. Mater.35 2302858

[11] [11] Md Noordin Kahar NNF N, Ahmad N, Jaafar M, Yahaya B H, Sulaiman A R and Hamid Z A A 2022 A review of bioceramics scaffolds for bone defects in different types of animal models: HA and -TCP Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express8 052002

[12] [12] Xu R, Zhao M C, Zhao Y C, Liu L, Liu C, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2019 Improved biodegradation resistance by grain refinement of novel antibacterial ZK30-Cu alloys produced via selective laser melting Mater. Lett.237 253–7

[13] [13] Bandyopadhyay A, Mitra I, Avila J D, Upadhyayula M and Bose S 2023 Porous metal implants: processing, properties, and challenges Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 032014

[14] [14] Zhang W, Tan L L, Ni D R, Chen J X, Zhao Y C, Liu L, Shuai C J, Yang K, Atrens A and Zhao M C 2019 Effect of grain refinement and crystallographic texture produced by friction stir processing on the biodegradation behavior of a Mg-Nd-Zn alloy J. Mater. Sci. Technol.35 777–83

[15] [15] Cochis A, Barberi J, Ferraris S, Miola M, Rimondini L, Vern E, Yamaguchi S and Spriano S 2020 Competitive surface colonization of antibacterial and bioactive materials doped with strontium and/or silver ions Nanomaterials10 120

[16] [16] Ibrahim M Z, Sarhan A A D, Yusuf F and Hamdi M 2017 Biomedical materials and techniques to improve the tribological, mechanical and biomedical properties of orthopedic implants—a review article J. Alloys Compd.714 636–67

[17] [17] Gao J, Cao Y, Ma Y, Zheng K, Zhang M, Hei H, Gong H R, Yu S W, Kuai P Y and Liu K C 2022 Wear, corrosion, and biocompatibility of 316L stainless steel modified by well-adhered Ta coatings J. Mater. Eng. Perform31 8784–98

[18] [18] Hauschwitz P, Klicova M, Mullerova S, Bicistova R, Prochazka M, Brajer J, Chyla M, Smr M, Chvojka J and Mocek T 2023 Advanced micro- & nanostructuring for enhanced biocompatibility of stainless steel by multi-beam and beamshaping technology Biomed. Mater.18 045008

[19] [19] Ji H R, Zhao M C, Xie B, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2021 Corrosion and antibacterial performance of novel selective-laser-melted (SLMed) Ti-xCu biomedical alloys J. Alloys Compd.864 158415

[20] [20] Zeng G, Deng Q S, Gulizia S, Zahiri S H, Chen Y P, Xu C L, Cao Q, Chen X B and Cole I 2023 Contributions of Ti-xTa cold spray composite interface to in-vitro cell growth Smart Mater. Manuf.1 100007

[21] [21] Patel S K, Behera B, Swain B, Roshan R, Sahoo D and Behera A 2020 A review on NiTi alloys for biomedical applications and their biocompatibility Mater. Today: Proc.33 5548–51

[22] [22] Baek S O, Jang U, Shin J, Kim J H, Kim J H and Lee J Y 2021 Shape memory alloy as an internal splint in a rat model of excisional wound healing Biomed. Mater.16 025002

[23] [23] Zhang Y, Roux C, Rouchaud A, Meddahi-Pell A, Gueguen V, Mangeney C, Sun F, Pavon-Djavid G and Luo Y 2024 Recent advances in Fe-based bioresorbable stents: materials design and biosafety Bioact. Mater.31 333–54

[24] [24] Zhao Y C, Tang Y, Zhao M C, Liu C, Liu L, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2020 Study on Fe-xGO composites prepared by selective laser melting: microstructure, hardness, biodegradation and cytocompatibility JOM72 1163–74

[25] [25] Zhao Y C, Feng J, Yu H, Lin W Y, Li X, Tian Y and Zhao M C 2022 Comparative study on biodegradation of pure iron prepared by microwave sintering and laser melting Materials15 1604

[26] [26] Lee M K, Lee H, Park C, Kang I G, Kim J, Kim H E, Jung H D and Jang T S 2022 Accelerated biodegradation of iron-based implants via tantalum-implanted surface nanostructures Bioact. Mater.9 239–50

[27] [27] Zhang W, Zhao M C, Wang Z B, Tan L L, Qi Y W, Yin D F, Yang K and Atrens A 2023 Enhanced initial biodegradation resistance of the biomedical Mg-Cu alloy by surface nanomodification J. Magnes. Alloys11 2776–88

[28] [28] Wang Y, Yan C, Mei D, Li Y F, Sheng K, Wang J, Wang L G, Zhu S J and Guan S K 2024 Optimized structure design of asymmetrical Mg alloy cerebrovascular stent with high flexibility Smart Mater. Manuf.2 100040

[29] [29] Tao J X, Zhao M C, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Liu L, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2020 Influence of graphene oxide (GO) on microstructure and biodegradation of ZK30-xGO composites prepared by selective laser melting J. Magnes. Alloys8 952–62

[30] [30] Yan X D, Wan P, Tan L L, Zhao M C, Qin L and Yang K 2018 Corrosion and biological performance of biodegradable magnesium alloys mediated by low copper addition and processing Mater. Sci. Eng. C 93 565–81

[31] [31] Cheon K H, Park C, Kang M H, Kang I G, Lee M K, Lee H, Kim H E, Jung H D and Jang T S 2021 Construction of tantalum/poly(ether imide) coatings on magnesium implants with both corrosion protection and osseointegration properties Bioact. Mater.6 1189–200

[32] [32] Motallebzadeh A, Peighambardoust N S, Sheikh S, Murakami H, Guo S and Canadinc D 2019 Microstructural, mechanical and electrochemical characterization of TiZrTaHfNb and Ti1.5ZrTa0.5Hf0.5Nb0.5 refractory high-entropy alloys for biomedical applications Intermetallics113 106572

[33] [33] Al-Mamun N S, Mairaj Deen K, Haider W, Asselin E and Shabib I 2020 Corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel in a physiological environment: the effect of citrate ions Addit. Manuf.34 101237

[34] [34] Ghorbani H, Abdollah-Zadeh A, Bagheri F and Poladi A 2018 Improving the bio-corrosion behavior of AISI316L stainless steel through deposition of Ta-based thin films using PACVD Appl. Surf. Sci.456 398–402

[35] [35] Schoon J, Hesse B, Tucoulou R, Geissler S, Ort M, Duda G N, Perka C, Wassilew G I, Perino G and Rakow A 2022 Synchrotron-based characterization of arthroprosthetic CoCrMo particles in human bone marrow J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med.33 54–67

[36] [36] Mischler S and Muoz A I 2013 Wear of CoCrMo alloys used in metal-on-metal hip joints: a tribocorrosion appraisal Wear297 1081–94

[37] [37] Jelovica Badovinac I, Kavre Piltaver I, Peter R, Saric I and Petravic M 2019 Formation of oxides on CoCrMo surfaces at room temperature: an XPS study Appl. Surf. Sci.471 475–81

[38] [38] Hanawa T 2019 Titanium-tissue interface reaction and its control with surface treatment Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.7 170

[39] [39] Dos Santos G A 2017 The importance of metallic materials as biomaterials Adv. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. Open Access3 300–2

[40] [40] Liu Y D, Bao C Y, Wismeijer D and Wu G 2015 The physicochemical/biological properties of porous tantalum and the potential surface modification techniques to improve its clinical application in dental implantology Mater. Sci. Eng. C 49 323–9

[41] [41] Aufa A N, Hassan M Z and Ismail Z 2022 Recent advances in Ti-6Al-4V additively manufactured by selective laser melting for biomedical implants: prospect development J Alloys Compd.896 163072

[42] [42] Kopova I, Strsk J, Harcuba P, Landa M, Janeek M and Bakova L 2016 Newly developed Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta-Si-Fe biomedical beta titanium alloys with increased strength and enhanced biocompatibility Mater. Sci. Eng. C 60 230–8

[43] [43] Hernndez-Lpez J M, Conde A, De Damborenea J and Arenas M A 2015 Correlation of the nanostructure of the anodic layers fabricated on Ti13Nb13Zr with the electrochemical impedance response Corros. Sci.94 61–69

[44] [44] Ma C Y, Du T M, Niu X F and Fan Y B 2022 Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the bone matrix Bone Res.10 59

[45] [45] Wang X J, Xu S Q, Zhou S W, Xu W, Leary M, Choong P, Qian M, Brandt M and Xie Y M 2016 Topological design and additive manufacturing of porous metals for bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants: a review Biomaterials83 127–41

[46] [46] Song C H, Liu L S, Deng Z T, Lei H Y, Yuan F Z, Yang Y Q, Li Y Y and Yu J 2023 Research progress on the design and performance of porous Ti alloy bone implants J. Mater. Res. Technol.23 2626–41

[47] [47] Niinomi M 2008 Biologically and mechanically biocompatible titanium alloys Mater. Trans.49 2170–8

[48] [48] Wang X, Ning B Y and Pei X B 2021 Tantalum and its derivatives in orthopedic and dental implants: osteogenesis and antibacterial properties Colloids Surf. B 208 112055

[49] [49] Shi L et al 2013 The improved biological performance of a novel low elastic modulus implant PLoS One8 e55015

[50] [50] Meng M, Wang J Z, Huang H G, Liu X, Zhang J and Li Z H 2023 3D printing metal implants in orthopedic surgery: methods, applications and future prospects J. Orthop. Transl.42 94–112

[51] [51] Luo D F, Ning P, Zhang F, Zhou Y, Zhang H M and Fu T 2021 Hydrothermal calcification surface modification of biomedical tantalum Rare Met.40 928–33

[52] [52] Zhang E L, Zhao X T, Hu J L, Wang R X, Fu S and Qin G W 2021 Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants Bioact. Mater.6 2569–612

[53] [53] Guo Y, Xie K, Jiang W B, Wang L, Li G Y, Zhao S, Wu W and Hao Y Q 2019 In vitro and in vivo study of 3D-printed porous tantalum scaffolds for repairing bone defects ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.5 1123–33

[54] [54] Huang G, Pan S T and Qiu J X 2021 The clinical application of porous tantalum and its new development for bone tissue engineering Materials14 2647

[55] [55] Satya Prasad V V, Baligidad R G and Gokhale A A 2017 Niobium and other high temperature refractory metals for aerospace applications Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies ed N E Prasad and R J H Wanhill (Springer) pp 267–88

[56] [56] Nieberl M, Hornung A, Sajdak M, Majewski A J and Ouadi M 2023 Application and recycling of tantalum from waste electric and electronic equipment-a review Resour. Conserv. Recycl.190 106866

[57] [57] Rodriguez-Contreras A, Moruno C M, Fernandez-Fairen M, Ruprez E, Gil F J and Manero J M 2021 Other metallic alloys: tantalum-based materials for biomedical applications Structural Biomaterials ed C E Wen (Elsevier) pp 229–73

[58] [58] Hallab N J, Bundy K J, O'Connor K, Moses R L and Jacobs J J 2001 Evaluation of metallic and polymeric biomaterial surface energy and surface roughness characteristics for directed cell adhesion Tissue Eng.7 55–71

[59] [59] Wang X, Liu W T, Yu X D, Wang B Y, Xu Y, Yan X and Zhang X W 2022 Advances in surface modification of tantalum and porous tantalum for rapid osseointegration: a thematic review Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10 983695

[60] [60] Carraro F and Bagno A 2023 Tantalum as trabecular metal for endosseous implantable applications Biomimetics8 49

[61] [61] George N and Nair A B 2018 Porous tantalum: a new biomaterial in orthopedic surgery Fundamental Biomaterials: Metals ed P Balakrishnan, M S Sreekala and S Thomas (Elsevier) pp 243–68

[62] [62] Antonio R F, Rangel E C, Mas B A, Duek E A R and Cruz N C 2019 Growth of hydroxyapatite coatings on tantalum by plasma electrolytic oxidation in a single step Surf. Coat. Technol.357 698–705

[63] [63] Harrison P L, Harrison T, Stockley I and Smith T J 2017 Does tantalum exhibit any intrinsic antimicrobial or antibiofilm properties Bone Joint J.99-B 1153–6

[64] [64] Shimabukuro M, Ito H, Tsutsumi Y, Nozaki K, Chen P, Yamada R, Ashida M, Nagai A and Hanawa T 2019 The effects of various metallic surfaces on cellular and bacterial adhesion Metals9 1145

[65] [65] Chang Y Y, Huang H L, Chen H J, Lai C H and Wen C Y 2014 Antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility of tantalum oxide coatings Surf. Coat. Technol.259 193–8

[66] [66] Xu J, Bao X K, Fu T, Lyu Y, Munroe P and Xie Z H 2018 In vitro biocompatibility of a nanocrystalline -Ta2O5 coating for orthopaedic implants Ceram. Int.44 4660–75

[67] [67] Li B E, Zhang X L, Ma J W, Zhou L X, Li H P, Liang C Y and Wang H S 2018 Hydrophilicity of bioactive titanium surface with different structure, composition, crystal form and grain size Mater. Lett.218 177–80

[68] [68] Mei S Q, Yang L L, Pan Y K, Wang D Q, Wang X H, Tang T T and Wei J 2019 Influences of tantalum pentoxide and surface coarsening on surface roughness, hydrophilicity, surface energy, protein adsorption and cell responses to PEEK based biocomposite Colloids Surf. B 174 207–15

[69] [69] Zhang Y D, Ahn P B, Fitzpatrick D C, Heiner A D, Poggie R A and Brown T D 1999 Interfacial frictional behavior: cancellous bone, cortical bone, and a novel porous tantalum biomaterial J. Musculoskelet. Res.03 245–51

[70] [70] Mani G, Porter D, Grove K, Collins S, Ornberg A and Shulfer R 2022 A comprehensive review of biological and materials properties of tantalum and its alloys J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 110 1291–306

[71] [71] Brnemark P I 2005 The Osseointegration Book: From Calvarium to Calcaneus (Quintessence)

[72] [72] Isaacson B and Jeyapalina S 2014 Osseointegration: a review of the fundamentals for assuring cementless skeletal fixation Orthop. Res. Rev.6 55–65

[73] [73] Wang X Y, Zhou K, Li Y D, Xie H and Wang B J 2023 Preparation, modification, and clinical application of porous tantalum scaffolds Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.11 1127939

[74] [74] Fraser D, Mendonca G, Sartori E, Funkenbusch P, Ercoli C and Meirelles L 2019 Bone response to porous tantalum implants in a gap-healing model Clin. Oral Implants Res.30 156–68

[75] [75] Han Q, Wang C Y, Chen H, Zhao X and Wang J C 2019 Porous tantalum and titanium in orthopedics: a review ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.5 5798–824

[76] [76] Balla V K, Bodhak S, Bose S and Bandyopadhyay A 2010 Porous tantalum structures for bone implants: fabrication, mechanical and in vitro biological properties Acta Biomater.6 3349–59

[77] [77] Shi L Y, Wang A, Zang F Z, Wang J X, Pan X W and Chen H J 2017 Tantalum-coated pedicle screws enhance implant integration Colloids Surf. B 160 22–32

[78] [78] Kaivosoja E, Myllymaa S, Takakubo Y, Korhonen H, Myllymaa K, Konttinen Y T, Lappalainen R and Takagi M 2013 Osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells on micro-patterned surfaces J. Biomater. Appl.27 862–71

[79] [79] Hefni E K, Bencharit S, Kim S J, Byrd K M, Moreli T, Nociti F H, Offenbacher S and Barros S P 2018 Transcriptomic profiling of tantalum metal implant osseointegration in osteopenic patients BDJ Open4 17042

[80] [80] Dou X J et al 2019 Effect of porous tantalum on promoting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro through the MAPK/ERK signal pathway J. Orthop. Transl.19 81–93

[81] [81] Qian H, Lei T, Ye Z M, Hu Y H and Lei P F 2020 From the performance to the essence: the biological mechanisms of how tantalum contributes to osteogenesis BioMed. Res. Int.2020 5162524

[82] [82] Agidigbi T S and Kim C 2019 Reactive oxygen species in osteoclast differentiation and possible pharmaceutical targets of ROS-mediated osteoclast diseases Int. J. Mol. Sci.20 3576

[83] [83] Benayahu D, Wiesenfeld Y and Sapir-Koren R 2019 How is mechanobiology involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward the osteoblastic or adipogenic fate J. Cell Physiol.234 12133–41

[84] [84] Sun M Y, Chi G F, Xu J J, Tan Y, Xu J Y, Lv S, Xu Z R, Xia Y H, Li L S and Li Y L 2018 Extracellular matrix stiffness controls osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells mediated by integrin 5. Stem Cell Res. Ther.9 52

[85] [85] Park C, Seong Y J, Kang I G, Song E H, Lee H, Kim J, Jung H D, Kim H E and Jang T S 2019 Enhanced osseointegration ability of poly(lactic acid) via tantalum sputtering-based plasma immersion ion implantation ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces11 10492–504

[86] [86] Jiao J Y, Zhang S T, Qu X H and Yue B 2021 Recent advances in research on antibacterial metals and alloys as implant materials Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol.11 693939

[87] [87] Izakovicova P, Borens O and Trampuz A 2019 Periprosthetic joint infection: current concepts and outlook EFORT Open Rev.4 482–94

[88] [88] Arciola C R, Campoccia D and Montanaro L 2018 Implant infections: adhesion, biofilm formation and immune evasion Nat. Rev. Microbiol.16 397–409

[89] [89] Chou T G R, Petti C A, Szakacs J and Bloebaum R D 2010 Evaluating antimicrobials and implant materials for infection prevention around transcutaneous osseointegrated implants in a rabbit model J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 92A 942–52

[90] [90] Subbiahdoss G, Kuijer R, Grijpma D W, Der Mei HC V and Busscher H J 2009 Microbial biofilm growth vs. tissue integration: “the race for the surface” experimentally studied Acta Biomater.5 1399–404

[91] [91] Prez-Tanoira R, Han X, Soininen A, Aarnisalo A A, Tiainen V M, Eklund K K, Esteban J and Kinnari T J 2017 Competitive colonization of prosthetic surfaces by Staphylococcus aureus and human cells J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 105 62–72

[92] [92] Pham V T H et al 2016 “Race for the surface”: eukaryotic cells can win ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces8 22025–31

[93] [93] Chen X, Bi Y K, Huang M R, Cao H L and Qin H 2022 Why is tantalum less susceptible to bacterial infection J. Funct. Biomater.13 264

[94] [94] Prem Ananth K and Jayram N D 2024 A comprehensive review of 3D printing techniques for biomaterial-based scaffold fabrication in bone tissue engineering Ann. 3D Print. Med.13 100141

[95] [95] Suamte L, Tirkey A, Barman J and Babu P J 2023 Various manufacturing methods and ideal properties of scaffolds for tissue engineering applications Smart Mater. Manuf.1 100011

[96] [96] Wang F 2019 Research progress of 3D printing materials in stomatology. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ. Sci.332 032013

[97] [97] Song J Q, Lv B H, Chen W C, Ding P and He Y 2023 Advances in 3D printing scaffolds for peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury repair Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 032008

[98] [98] Shi Q Y, Chen J B, Chen J S, Liu Y F and Wang H Z 2024 Application of additively manufactured bone scaffold: a systematic review Biofabrication16 022007

[99] [99] Armstrong M, Mehrabi H and Naveed N 2022 An overview of modern metal additive manufacturing technology J. Manuf. Process.84 1001–29

[100] [100] DebRoy T, Wei H L, Zuback J S, Mukherjee T, Elmer J W, Milewski J O, Beese A M, Wilson-Heid A, De A and Zhang W 2018 Additive manufacturing of metallic components -process, structure and properties Prog. Mater. Sci.92 112–224

[101] [101] Cooke S, Ahmadi K, Willerth S and Herring R 2020 Metal additive manufacturing: technology, metallurgy and modelling J. Manuf. Process.57 978–1003

[102] [102] Chmielewska A, Dobkowska A, Kijeska-Gawroska E, Jakubczak M, Krawczyska A, Choiska E, Jastrzbska A, Dean D, Wysocki B and wiszkowski W 2021 Biological and corrosion evaluation of in situ alloyed NiTi fabricated through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) Int. J. Mol. Sci.22 13209

[103] [103] Cobbinah P V et al 2024 Peculiar microstructural evolution and hardness variation depending on laser powder bed fusion-manufacturing condition in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo Smart Mater. Manuf.2 100050

[104] [104] Mohsan A U H and Wei D B 2023 Advancements in additive manufacturing of tantalum via the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M): a comprehensive review Materials16 6419

[105] [105] Galati M, Gatto M L, Bloise N, Fassina L, Saboori A, Visai L, Mengucci P and Iuliano L 2024 Electron beam powder bed fusion of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb open porous scaffold for biomedical applications: process parameters, adhesion, and proliferation of NIH-3T3 cells 3D Print. Addit. Manuf.11 314–22

[106] [106] Xie B, Zhao M C, Tao J X, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2021 Comparison of the biodegradation of ZK30 subjected to solid solution treating and selective laser melting J. Mater. Res. Technol.10 722–9

[107] [107] Deng B, Guo Y X, Zhao M C, Li Q F, Ma B, Duan B H, Yin D F and Atrens A 2021 Study on a novel biodegradable and antibacterial Fe-based alloy prepared by microwave sintering Materials14 3784

[108] [108] Xie B, Zhao M C, Zhao Y C, Tian Y, Yin D F, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2020 Effect of alloying Mn by selective laser melting on the microstructure and biodegradation properties of pure Mg Metals10 1527

[109] [109] Razzaq G H A, Jafar S A and Humadi J I 2021 Investigation of properties of selective laser sintering of titanium alloy composite J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.1963 012042

[110] [110] Gueche Y A, Sanchez-Ballester N M, Cailleaux S, Bataille B and Soulairol I 2021 Selective laser sintering (SLS), a new chapter in the production of solid oral forms (SOFs) by 3D printing Pharmaceutics13 1212

[111] [111] Liu Y J, Li S J, Wang H L, Hou W T, Hao Y L, Yang R, Sercombe T B and Zhang L C 2016 Microstructure, defects and mechanical behavior of beta-type titanium porous structures manufactured by electron beam melting and selective laser melting Acta Mater.113 56–67

[112] [112] Man K, Mazumder S, Dahotre N B and Yang Y 2023 Surface nanostructures enhanced biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of laser-additively manufactured CoCrMo alloys ACS Omega8 47658–66

[113] [113] Adam R, Botes A and Corderley G 2018 Metal matrix composite laser metal deposition for ballistic application IOP Conf. Ser: Mater. Sci. Eng.430 012001

[114] [114] Zhang G D, Li N, Gao J S, Xiong H P, Yu H and Yuan H 2022 Wire-fed electron beam directed energy deposition of Ti-6Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V alloy and the effect of annealing on the microstructure, texture, and anisotropy of tensile properties Addit. Manuf.49 102511

[115] [115] Wu S L, Liu X M, Yeung K W K, Liu C S and Yang X J 2014 Biomimetic porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Mater. Sci. Eng. R 80 1–36

[116] [116] Wanniarachchi C T, Arjunan A, Baroutaji A and Singh M 2023 3D printing customised stiffness-matched meta-biomaterial with near-zero auxeticity for load-bearing tissue repair Bioprinting33 e00292

[117] [117] Wang L, Kang J F, Sun C N, Li D C, Cao Y and Jin Z M 2017 Mapping porous microstructures to yield desired mechanical properties for application in 3D printed bone scaffolds and orthopaedic implants Mater Des.133 62–68

[118] [118] Bratengeier C, Liszka A, Hoffman J, Bakker A D and Fahlgren A 2020 High shear stress amplitude in combination with prolonged stimulus duration determine induction of osteoclast formation by hematopoietic progenitor cells FASEB J.34 3755–72

[119] [119] Yamanishi Y, Yamaguchi S, Imazato S, Nakano T and Yatani H 2014 Effects of the implant design on peri-implant bone stress and abutment micromovement: three-dimensional finite element analysis of original computer-aided design models J. Periodontol.85 e333–8

[120] [120] Gao H R, Yang J Z, Jin X, Zhang D C, Zhang S P, Zhang F Q and Chen H S 2023 Static compressive behavior and failure mechanism of tantalum scaffolds with optimized periodic lattice fabricated by laser-based additive manufacturing 3D Print. Addit. Manuf.10 887–904

[121] [121] Zhang C Y, Zeng C Y, Wang Z F, Zeng T and Wang Y H 2023 Optimization of stress distribution of bone-implant interface (BII) Biomater. Adv.147 213342

[122] [122] Pragana J P M, Sampaio R F V, Bragana I M F, Silva C M A and Martins P A F 2021 Hybrid metal additive manufacturing: a state-of-the-art review Adv. Ind. Manuf. Eng.2 100032

[123] [123] Zhang Y Y, Fan Z M, Xing Y H, Jia S W, Mo Z J and Gong H 2022 Effect of microtopography on osseointegration of implantable biomaterials and its modification strategies Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10 981062

[124] [124] Wang X Y, Zhang D C, Peng H T, Yang J Z, Li Y and Xu J X 2023 Optimize the pore size-pore distribution-pore geometry-porosity of 3D-printed porous tantalum to obtain optimal critical bone defect repair capability Biomater. Adv.154 213638

[125] [125] Huo W T, Zhao L Z, Yu S, Yu Z T, Zhang P X and Zhang Y S 2017 Significantly enhanced osteoblast response to nano-grained pure tantalum Sci. Rep.7 40868

[126] [126] An R, Fan P P, Zhou M J, Wang Y, Goel S, Zhou X F, Li W and Wang J T 2019 Nanolamellar tantalum interfaces in the osteoblast adhesion Langmuir35 2480–9

[127] [127] Cui J, Zhao L, Zhu W W, Wang B, Zhao C C, Fang L M and Ren F Z 2017 Antibacterial activity, corrosion resistance and wear behavior of spark plasma sintered Ta-5Cu alloy for biomedical applications J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater.74 315–23

[128] [128] Liu J, Zhou X W, Wang H F, Yang H L and Ruan J M 2019 In vitro cell response and in vivo primary osteointegration of highly porous Ta-Nb alloys as implant materials J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 107 573–81

[129] [129] Wang H F, Li J, Yang H L, Liu C and Ruan J M 2014 Fabrication, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility evaluation of porous Ta-Nb alloy for bone tissue engineering Mater. Sci. Eng. C 40 71–75

[130] [130] Cai A Q, Yin H R, Wang C C, Zhang Y R, Zhang Y H, Liu Y F and Zhang P 2022 Balance of the antibacterial activity and cell viability of calcium and copper co-doped Ta2O5 on tantalum surface Appl. Phys. A 128 201

[131] [131] Zhao M C, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Wang S, Shangguan Y M, Liu C, Tan L L, Shuai C J, Yang K and Atrens A 2019 Biodegradation behavior of coated as-extruded Mg-Sr alloy in simulated body fluid Acta Metall. Sin.-Engl. Lett.32 1195–206

[132] [132] Chen C X, Zhu Y J, Wang R, Han Y and Zhou H B 2022 Effect of controlled microtopography on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells J. Healthcare Eng.2022 7179723

[133] [133] Ye G et al 2020 Nanomaterial-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and regeneration Nanomedicine15 1995–2017

[134] [134] Gittens R A, McLachlan T, Olivares-Navarrete R, Cai Y, Berner S, Tannenbaum R, Schwartz Z, Sandhage K H and Boyan B D 2011 The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation Biomaterials32 3395–403

[135] [135] Gittens R A, Olivares-Navarrete R, Schwartz Z and Boyan B D 2014 Implant osseointegration and the role of microroughness and nanostructures: lessons for spine implants Acta Biomater.10 3363–71

[136] [136] Ma J W, Zan R, Chen W Z, Ni J H and Zhang X N 2019 Cell behaviors on surface of pure tantalum with nano-dimpled structure Rare Met.38 543–51

[137] [137] Ma J W, Sun Y, Zan R, Ni J H and Zhang X N 2020 Cellular different responses to different nanotube inner diameter on surface of pure tantalum Mater. Sci. Eng. C 109 110520

[138] [138] Safavi M S, Khalil-Allafi J, Restivo E, Ghalandarzadeh A, Hosseini M, Dacarro G, Malavasi L, Milella A, Listorti A and Visai L 2023 Enhanced in vitro immersion behavior and antibacterial activity of NiTi orthopedic biomaterial by HAp-Nb2O5 composite deposits Sci. Rep.13 16045

[139] [139] Yang J Z, Jin X, Gao H R, Zhang D C, Chen H S, Zhang S P and Li X P 2020 Additive manufacturing of trabecular tantalum scaffolds by laser powder bed fusion: mechanical property evaluation and porous structure characterization Mater. Charact.170 110694

[140] [140] Abbasi N, Hamlet S, Love R M and Nguyen N T 2020 Porous scaffolds for bone regeneration J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices5 1–9

[141] [141] Zhang Z Y, Li Y Z, He P, Liu F Y, Li L J, Zhang H, Ji P and Yang S 2021 Nanotube-decorated hierarchical tantalum scaffold promoted early osseointegration Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med.35 102390

[142] [142] Wang G C, Moya S, Lu Z F, Gregurec D and Zreiqat H 2015 Enhancing orthopedic implant bioactivity: refining the nanotopography Nanomedicine10 1327–41

[143] [143] Dobbenga S, Fratila-Apachitei L E and Zadpoor A A 2016 Nanopattern-induced osteogenic differentiation of stem cells-a systematic review Acta Biomater.46 3–14

[144] [144] Maccauro G, Iommetti P, Muratori F, Raffaelli L, Manicone P and Fabbriciani C 2009 An overview about biomedical applications of micron and nano size tantalum Recent Pat. Biotechnol.3 157–65

[145] [145] Erdogan Y K, Uslu E, Aydnol M K, Saglam A S Y, Odabas S and Ercan B 2024 Morphology of nanostructured tantalum oxide controls stem cell differentiation and improves corrosion behavior ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.10 377–90

[146] [146] Liang D S, Zhong C X, Jiang F L, Liao J C, Ye H X and Ren F Z 2023 Fabrication of porous tantalum with low elastic modulus and tunable pore size for bone repair ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.9 1720–8

[147] [147] Nie F L, Zheng Y F, Wang Y and Wang J T 2014 Microstructures, mechanical behavior, cellular response, and hemocompatibility of bulk ultrafine-grained pure tantalum J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B 102 221–30

[148] [148] Zhang X Y, Fang G, Leeflang S, Zadpoor A A and Zhou J 2019 Topological design, permeability and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured functionally graded porous metallic biomaterials Acta Biomater.84 437–52

[149] [149] Bidan C M, Kommareddy K P, Rumpler M, Kollmannsberger P, Fratzl P and Dunlop J W C 2013 Geometry as a factor for tissue growth: towards shape optimization of tissue engineering scaffolds Adv. Healthcare Mater.2 186–94

[150] [150] Truscello S, Kerckhofs G, Van Bael S, Pyka G, Schrooten J and Van Oosterwyck H 2012 Prediction of permeability of regular scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering: a combined computational and experimental study Acta Biomater.8 1648–58

[151] [151] Murphy C M, Haugh M G and O'Brien F J 2010 The effect of mean pore size on cell attachment, proliferation and migration in collagen-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Biomaterials31 461–6

[152] [152] Luo C Q, Wang C, Wu X D, Xie X P, Wang C, Zhao C, Zou C, Lv F R, Huang W and Liao J Y 2021 Influence of porous tantalum scaffold pore size on osteogenesis and osteointegration: a comprehensive study based on 3D-printing technology Mater. Sci. Eng. C 129 112382

[153] [153] Chao L, Jiao C, Liang H X, Xie D Q, Shen L D and Liu Z D 2021 Analysis of mechanical properties and permeability of trabecular-like porous scaffold by additive manufacturing Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.9 779854

[154] [154] Pei B Q, Hu M Y, Wu X Q, Lu D, Zhang S J, Zhang L and Wu S Q 2023 Investigations into the effects of scaffold microstructure on slow-release system with bioactive factors for bone repair Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.11 1230682

[155] [155] Nguyen L H, Annabi N, Nikkhah M, Bae H, Binan L, Park S, Kang Y Q, Yang Y Z and Khademhosseini A 2012 Vascularized bone tissue engineering: approaches for potential improvement Tissue Eng. B 18 363–82

[156] [156] Bai F, Wang Z, Lu J X, Liu J, Chen G Y, Lv R, Wang J, Lin K L, Zhang J K and Huang X 2010 The correlation between the internal structure and vascularization of controllable porous bioceramic materials in vivo: a quantitative study Tissue Eng. A 16 3791–803

[157] [157] Collins M N, Ren G, Young K, Pina S, Reis R L and Oliveira J M 2021 Scaffold fabrication technologies and structure/function properties in bone tissue engineering Adv. Funct. Mater.31 2010609

[158] [158] Kapat K, Srivas P K, Rameshbabu A P, Maity P P, Jana S, Dutta J, Majumdar P, Chakrabarti D and Dhara S 2017 Influence of porosity and pore-size distribution in Ti6Al4 V foam on physicomechanical properties, osteogenesis, and quantitative validation of bone ingrowth by micro-computed tomography ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces9 39235–48

[159] [159] Wauthle R, Van Der Stok J, Amin Yavari S, Van Humbeeck J, Kruth J P, Zadpoor A A, Weinans H, Mulier M and Schrooten J 2015 Additively manufactured porous tantalum implants Acta Biomater.14 217–25

[160] [160] Tang H P, Yang K, Jia L, He W W, Yang L and Zhang X Z 2020 Tantalum bone implants printed by selective electron beam manufacturing (SEBM) and their clinical applications JOM72 1016–21

[161] [161] Ruprez E, Manero J M, Riccardi K, Li Y P, Aparicio C and Gil F J 2015 Development of tantalum scaffold for orthopedic applications produced by space-holder method Mater. Des.83 112–9

[162] [162] Huang G, Pan S T and Qiu J X 2022 The osteogenic effects of porous tantalum and titanium alloy scaffolds with different unit cell structure Colloids Surf. B 210 112229

[163] [163] Wang X, Zhu Z, Xiao H, Luo C, Luo X, Lv F, Liao J and Huang W 2020 Three–dimensional, multiscale, and interconnected trabecular bone mimic porous tantalum scaffold for bone tissue engineering ACS Omega5 22520–8

[164] [164] Sukumar V R, Golla B R, Shaik M A, Yadav A, Dongari Taraka S C and Khaple S 2019 Modeling and characterization of porous tantalum scaffolds Trans. Indian Inst. Met.72 935–49

[165] [165] Ou P H, Liu J, Hao C, He R G, Chang L and Ruan J M 2021 Cytocompatibility, stability and osteogenic activity of powder metallurgy Ta-xZr alloys as dental implant materials J. Biomater. Appl.35 790–8

[166] [166] Ou P H, Zhang T M, Wang J Y, Li C, Shao C S and Ruan J M 2022 Microstructure, mechanical properties and osseointegration ability of Ta-20Zr alloy used as dental implant material Biomed. Mater.17 045003

[167] [167] Miao J L, Liu J, Wang H F, Yang H L and Ruan J M 2018 Preparation of porous Ta-10%Nb alloy scaffold and its in vitro biocompatibility evaluation using MC3T3-E1 cells Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China28 2053–61

[168] [168] Wang Q, Zhang H, Gan H Q, Wang H, Li Q J and Wang Z Q 2018 Application of combined porous tantalum scaffolds loaded with bone morphogenetic protein 7 to repair of osteochondral defect in rabbits Int. Orthop.42 1437–48

[169] [169] Hua L, Qian H, Lei T, Zhang Y, Lei P F and Hu Y H 2022 3D-printed porous tantalum coated with antitubercular drugs achieving antibacterial properties and good biocompatibility Macromol. Biosci.22 2100338

[170] [170] Qian H, Lei T, Hua L, Zhang Y, Wang D Y, Nan J Y, Liu W B, Sun Y, Hu Y H and Lei P F 2023 Fabrication, bacteriostasis and osteointegration properties researches of the additively-manufactured porous tantalum scaffolds loading vancomycin Bioact. Mater.24 450–62

[171] [171] Ma L M, Cheng S, Ji X F, Zhou Y, Zhang Y S, Li Q T, Tan C H, Peng F, Zhang Y and Huang W H 2020 Immobilizing magnesium ions on 3D printed porous tantalum scaffolds with polydopamine for improved vascularization and osteogenesis Mater. Sci. Eng. C 117 111303

[172] [172] Cheng S et al 2021 Improved osteointegration and angiogenesis of strontium-incorporated 3D-printed tantalum scaffold via bioinspired polydopamine coating J. Mater. Sci. Technol.69 106–18

[173] [173] Zhao Z H et al 2021 Porous tantalum-composited gelatin nanoparticles hydrogel integrated with mesenchymal stem cell-derived endothelial cells to construct vascularized tissue in vivo Regen. Biomater.8 rbab051

[174] [174] Zhang D M, Wong C S, Wen C E and Li Y C 2017 Cellular responses of osteoblast-like cells to 17 elemental metals J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 105 148–58

[175] [175] Zhao Y C, Tang Y, Zhao M C, Liu L, Gao C D, Shuai C J, Zeng R C, Atrens A and Lin Y C 2019 Graphene oxide reinforced iron matrix composite with enhanced biodegradation rate prepared by selective laser melting Adv. Eng. Mater.21 1900314

[176] [176] Yang C, Huan Z G, Wang X Y, Wu C T and Chang J 2018 3D printed Fe scaffolds with HA nanocoating for bone regeneration ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.4 608–16

[177] [177] Guo Y X, Zhao M C, Xie B, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Gao C D, Shuai C J and Atrens A 2021 In vitro corrosion resistance and antibacterial performance of novel Fe-xCu biomedical alloys prepared by selective laser melting Adv. Eng. Mater.23 2001000

[178] [178] Yan X D, Wan P, Tan L L, Zhao M C, Shuai C J and Yang K 2018 Influence of hybrid extrusion and solution treatment on the microstructure and degradation behavior of Mg-0.1Cu alloy Mater. Sci. Eng.229 105–17

[179] [179] Jacobs A, Renaudin G, Forestier C, Nedelec J M and Descamps S 2020 Biological properties of copper-doped biomaterials for orthopedic applications: a review of antibacterial, angiogenic and osteogenic aspects Acta Biomater.117 21–39

[180] [180] Yan X D, Zhao M C, Yang Y, Tan L L, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Yang K and Atrens A 2019 Improvement of biodegradable and antibacterial properties by solution treatment and micro-arc oxidation (MAO) of a magnesium alloy with a trace of copper Corros. Sci.156 125–38

[181] [181] Xie B, Zhao M C, Xu R, Zhao Y C, Yin D F, Gao C D and Atrens A 2021 Biodegradation, antibacterial performance, and cytocompatibility of a novel ZK30-Cu-Mn biomedical alloy produced by selective laser melting Int. J. Bioprint.7 300

[182] [182] Zhang X R, Yang C G and Yang K 2020 Contact killing of Cu-bearing stainless steel based on charge transfer caused by the microdomain potential difference ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces12 361–72

[183] [183] Sun D, Xu D K, Yang C G, Chen J, Shahzad M B, Sun Z Q, Zhao J L, Gu T Y, Yang K and Wang G X 2016 Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by a copper-bearing 317L-Cu stainless steel and its corrosion resistance Mater. Sci. Eng. C 69 744–50

[184] [184] Ciliveri S and Bandyopadhyay A 2023 Enhanced osteogenesis and bactericidal performance of additively manufactured MgO-and Cu-added CpTi for load-bearing implants Int. J. Bioprint.9 1167

[185] [185] Bandyopadhyay A, Mitra I, Ciliveri S, Avila J D, Dernell W, Goodman S B and Bose S 2024 Additively manufactured Ti-Ta-Cu alloys for the next-generation load-bearing implants Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.6 015503

[186] [186] Gao Y, Song X D, Liu Z D, Liu M Y, Li D J and Zhao M L 2023 Effect of Ta(Cu)-O composite film on mechanical properties, osteoblasts proliferation and antibacterial behavior of medical titanium alloy Vacuum218 112631

[187] [187] Mahmoudi P, Akbarpour M R, Lakeh H B, Jing F J, Hadidi M R and Akhavan B 2022 Antibacterial Ti-Cu implants: a critical review on mechanisms of action Mater. Today Bio17 100447

[188] [188] Chen Q Z, Wong C T, Lu W W, Cheung K M C, Leong J C Y and Luk K D K 2004 Strengthening mechanisms of bone bonding to crystalline hydroxyapatite in vivo Biomaterials25 4243–54

[189] [189] Arcos D and Vallet-Reg M 2020 Substituted hydroxyapatite coatings of bone implants J. Mater. Chem. B 8 1781–800

[190] [190] Kattimani V S, Kondaka S and Lingamaneni K P 2016 Hydroxyapatite–past, present, and future in bone regeneration Bone Tissue Regen. Insights7 9–19

[191] [191] Zheng Z R, Zhao M C, Tan L L, Zhao Y C, Xie B, Huang L X, Yin D F, Yang K and Atrens A 2021 Biodegradation behaviour of hydroxyapatite-containing self-sealing micro-arc-oxidation coating on pure Mg Surf. Eng.37 942–52

[192] [192] Cai C L, Wang X Y, Li B B, Dong K, Shen Y, Li Z and Shen L Y 2021 Fabrication of hydroxyapatite/tantalum composites by pressureless sintering in different atmosphere ACS Omega6 12831–40

[193] [193] Yu X M, Guo Z X and Yi H W 2023 Design of TaCu alloy coating for orthopaedic materials and study on dissolution behavior of copper ions J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.2459 012012

[194] [194] Yu Y Q, Jin G D, Xue Y, Wang D H, Liu X Y and Sun J 2017 Multifunctions of dual Zn/Mg ion co-implanted titanium on osteogenesis, angiogenesis and bacteria inhibition for dental implants Acta Biomater.49 590–603

[195] [195] Souza J C M, Sordi M B, Kanazawa M, Ravindran S, Henriques B, Silva F S, Aparicio C and Cooper L F 2019 Nano-scale modification of titanium implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration Acta Biomater.94 112–31

[196] [196] Findlay D M, Welldon K, Atkins G J, Howie D W, Zannettino A C W and Bobyn D 2004 The proliferation and phenotypic expression of human osteoblasts on tantalum metal Biomaterials25 2215–27

[197] [197] Luby A O, Ranganathan K, Lynn J V, Nelson N S, Donneys A and Buchman S R 2019 Stem cells for bone regeneration: current state and future directions J. Craniofac Surg.30 730–5

[198] [198] Zhou Z M and Liu D 2022 Mesenchymal stem cell-seeded porous tantalum-based biomaterial: a promising choice for promoting bone regeneration Colloids Surf. B 215 112491

[199] [199] Gao Q M, Liu J L, Wang M K, Liu X F, Jiang Y Y and Su J C 2024 Biomaterials regulates BMSCs differentiation via mechanical microenvironment Biomater. Adv.157 213738

[200] [200] Yang F, Wu M J, Chen H J, Ma S L, Liu J H, Li C Z, Li Y C, Yang J H, Liu B Y and Zhao D W 2023 Combination therapy with BMSCs-exosomes and porous tantalum for the repair of femur supracondylar defects Mol. Med. Rep.28 130

[201] [201] Yu C X, Zhuang J J, Dong L Q, Cheng K and Weng W J 2017 Effect of hierarchical pore structure on ALP expression of MC3T3-E1 cells on bioglass films Colloids Surf. B 156 213–20

[202] [202] Wang H, Li Q J, Wang Q, Zhang H, Shi W, Gan H Q, Song H P and Wang Z Q 2017 Enhanced repair of segmental bone defects in rabbit radius by porous tantalum scaffolds modified with the RGD peptide J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med.28 50

[203] [203] Hua L, Lei T, Qian H, Zhang Y, Hu Y H and Lei P F 2021 3D-printed porous tantalum: recent application in various drug delivery systems to repair hard tissue defects Expert Opin. Drug Deliv.18 625–34

[204] [204] Rodrguez-Contreras A, Guillem-Marti J, Lopez O, Manero J M and Ruperez E 2019 Antimicrobial PHAs coatings for solid and porous tantalum implants. Colloids Surf. B 182 110317

[205] [205] Chen M W, Hein S, Le D Q S, Feng W Z, Foss M, Kjems J, Besenbacher F, Zou X N and Bnger C 2013 Free radicals generated by tantalum implants antagonize the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin Int. J. Pharm.448 214–20

[206] [206] Peng F, Wang D H, Zhang D D, Yan B C, Cao H L, Qiao Y Q and Liu X Y 2018 PEO/Mg-Zn-Al LDH composite coating on Mg alloy as a Zn/Mg ion-release platform with multifunctions: enhanced corrosion resistance, osteogenic, and antibacterial activities ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng.4 4112–21

[207] [207] Almeida Alves C F, Fialho L, Marques S M, Pires S, Rico P, Palacio C and Carvalho S 2021 MC3T3-E1 cell response to microporous tantalum oxide surfaces enriched with Ca, P and Mg Mater. Sci. Eng. C 124 112008

[208] [208] Boinovich L B, Kaminsky V V, Domantovsky A G, Emelyanenko K A, Aleshkin A V, Zulkarneev E R, Kiseleva I A and Emelyanenko A M 2019 Bactericidal activity of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic copper in bacterial dispersions Langmuir35 2832–41

[209] [209] Fialho L, Grenho L, Fernandes M H and Carvalho S 2021 Porous tantalum oxide with osteoconductive elements and antibacterial core-shell nanoparticles: a new generation of materials for dental implants Mater. Sci. Eng. C 120 111761

[210] [210] Hie M and Tsukamoto I 2011 Administration of zinc inhibits osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of RANK expression in bone Eur. J. Pharmacol.668 140–6

[211] [211] Zhao F J, Lei B, Li X, Mo Y F, Wang R X, Chen D F and Chen X F 2018 Promoting in vivo early angiogenesis with sub-micrometer strontium-contained bioactive microspheres through modulating macrophage phenotypes Biomaterials178 36–47

[212] [212] Tth F, Tzsr J and Hegeds C 2021 Effect of inducible BMP-7 expression on the osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells Int. J. Mol. Sci.22 6182

[213] [213] Jger M, Bge C, Janissen R, Rohrbeck D, Hlsen T, Lensing-Hhn S, Krauspe R and Herten M 2013 Osteoblastic potency of bone marrow cells cultivated on functionalized biometals with cyclic RGD-peptide J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 101 2905–14

[214] [214] Mas-Moruno C, Garrido B, Rodriguez D, Ruperez E and Gil F J 2015 Biofunctionalization strategies on tantalum-based materials for osseointegrative applications J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med.26 109

[215] [215] Wu H, Zhao C C, Lin K L and Wang X D 2022 Mussel-inspired polydopamine-based multilayered coatings for enhanced bone formation Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10 952500

[216] [216] Sautet P, Parratte S, Mkidche T, Abdel M P, Flcher X, Argenson J N and Ollivier M 2019 Antibiotic-loaded tantalum may serve as an antimicrobial delivery agent Bone Joint J.101-B 848–51

[217] [217] Guo X M, Chen M W, Feng W Z, Liang J B, Zhao H B, Tian L, Chao H and Zou X N 2011 Electrostatic self-assembly of multilayer copolymeric membranes on the surface of porous tantalum implants for sustained release of doxorubicin Int. J. Nanomed.6 3057–64

[218] [218] Zhang H, Wu X L, Wang G C, Liu P Z, Qin S, Xu K H, Tong D K, Ding H, Tang H and Ji F 2018 Macrophage polarization, inflammatory signaling, and NF-B activation in response to chemically modified titanium surfaces Colloids Surf. B 166 269–76

[219] [219] He S Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Bao N R, Cai Y, Zhou P, Wang P, Li L and Jiang Q 2020 Modeling osteoinduction in titanium bone scaffold with a representative channel structure Mater. Sci. Eng. C 117 111347

[220] [220] Panez-Toro I, Heymann D, Gouin F, Amiaud J, Heymann M F and Crdova L A 2023 Roles of inflammatory cell infiltrate in periprosthetic osteolysis Front. Immunol.14 1310262

[221] [221] Zhang L, Haddouti E M, Welle K, Burger C, Wirtz D C, Schildberg F A and Kabir K 2020 The effects of biomaterial implant wear debris on osteoblasts Front. Cell Dev. Biol.8 352

[222] [222] Narisawa S, Yadav M C and Milln J L 2013 In vivo overexpression of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase increases skeletal mineralization and affects the phosphorylation status of osteopontin J. Bone Miner. Res.28 1587–98

[223] [223] Viti F, Landini M, Mezzelani A, Petecchia L, Milanesi L and Scaglione S 2016 Osteogenic differentiation of MSC through calcium signaling activation: transcriptomics and functional analysis PLoS One11 e0148173

[224] [224] Li R Y, Liu G C, Yang L N, Qing Y, Tang X F, Guo D M, Zhang K and Qin Y G 2020 Tantalum boride as a biocompatible coating to improve osteogenesis of the bionano interface J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 108 1726–35

[225] [225] Jiao J, Hong Q, Zhang D, Wang M, Tang H, Yang J, Qu X and Yue B 2023 Influence of porosity on osteogenesis, bone growth and osteointegration in trabecular tantalum scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.11 1117954

[226] [226] Bandyopadhyay A, Mitra I, Goodman S B, Kumar M and Bose S 2023 Improving biocompatibility for next generation of metallic implants Prog. Mater. Sci.133 101053

[227] [227] Ying J W et al 2023 Treatment of acetabular bone defect in revision of total hip arthroplasty using 3D printed tantalum acetabular augment Orthop. Surg.15 1264–71

[228] [228] Ao Y N et al 2022 Application of three-dimensional-printed porous tantalum cones in total knee arthroplasty revision to reconstruct bone defects Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10 925339

[229] [229] Bakri M M, Lee S H and Lee J H 2019 Improvement of biohistological response of facial implant materials by tantalum surface treatment Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.41 52

[230] [230] Ma Z J, Liu B Y, Li S Q, Wang X H, Li J Y, Yang J H, Tian S M, Wu C J and Zhao D W 2023 A novel biomimetic trabecular bone metal plate for bone repair and osseointegration Regen. Biomater.10 rbad003

[231] [231] Liu B Y et al 2022 Experimental study of a 3D printed permanent implantable porous Ta-coated bone plate for fracture fixation Bioact. Mater.10 269–80

[232] [232] Wei X W et al 2019 Mesenchymal stem cell-loaded porous tantalum integrated with biomimetic 3D collagen-based scaffold to repair large osteochondral defects in goats Stem Cell Res. Ther.10 72

[233] [233] Wang H, Su K, Su L, Liang P, Ji P and Wang C 2019 Comparison of 3D-printed porous tantalum and titanium scaffolds on osteointegration and osteogenesis Mater. Sci. Eng. C 104 109908

[234] [234] Gao H R et al 2021 Porous tantalum scaffolds: fabrication, structure, properties, and orthopedic applications Mater Des210 110095

[235] [235] Martino M M et al 2015 Extracellular matrix and growth factor engineering for controlled angiogenesis in regenerative medicine Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.3 45

[236] [236] Zhang C G et al 2023 Carpal bone replacement using personalized 3D printed tantalum prosthesis Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.11 1234052

[237] [237] Chiu Y C, Yang S C, Kao Y H and Tu Y K 2015 Single posterior approach for circumferential decompression and anterior reconstruction using cervical trabecular metal mesh cage in patients with metastatic spinal tumour World J. Surg. Oncol.13 256

[238] [238] Zhang C G, Chen H, Fan H Q, Xiong R, Huang C J, Peng Y, Lin Y J, Wang F Y, Duan X J and Yang L 2022 Radial head replacement using personalized 3D printed porous tantalum prosthesis J. Mater. Res. Technol.20 3705–13

[239] [239] Zhao D W, Ma Z J, Wang T N and Liu B Y 2019 Biocompatible porous tantalum metal plates in the treatment of tibial fracture Orthop. Surg.11 325–9

[240] [240] Hitz O, Le Baron M L, Jacquet C, Argenson J N, Parratte S, Ollivier M and Flecher X 2023 Use of dual mobility cup cemented into a tantalum acetabular shell for hip revision with large bone loss can decrease dislocation risk without increasing the risk of mechanical failure Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res.110 103739

[241] [241] Kong K Y, Zhao C, Chang Y Y, Qiao H, Hu Y, Li H W and Zhang J W 2022 Use of customized 3D-printed titanium augment with tantalum trabecular cup for large acetabular bone defects in revision total hip arthroplasty: a midterm follow-up study Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.10 900905

[242] [242] Liu Y C, Wang F Y, Ying J W, Xu M H, Wei Y, Li J L, Xie H, Zhao D W and Cheng L L 2023 Biomechanical analysis and clinical observation of 3D-printed acetabular prosthesis for the acetabular reconstruction of total hip arthroplasty in Crowe III hip dysplasia Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.11 1219745

[243] [243] Hua L, Lei P F and Hu Y H 2022 Knee reconstruction using 3D-printed porous tantalum augment in the treatment of Charcot joint Orthop. Surg.14 3125–8

[244] [244] Liu B Y et al 2019 An exploratory study of articular cartilage and subchondral bone reconstruction with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with porous tantalum/Bio-Gide collagen membrane in osteonecrosis of the femoral head Mater. Sci. Eng. C 99 1123–32