A design method for an interferometric phase imaging system integrated with optical scattering information is proposed. Three types of cell models, i.e., homogeneous cells, monocytes, and binuclear cell models, are established. The morphological characteristics of a sample can be extracted quickly and quantitatively by analyzing the phase distribution information of the sample. Thus, the substructure characteristics of the sample can be determined accurately. The necessity and advantages of combining scattering information are demonstrated through experiments on the red blood cells and neutrophils. The research results establish the feasibility of the proposed system. Additionally, the direction for improvement is proposed. The system has a simple structure and is easy to operate, and it can provide a reference for the rapid, non-destructive detection of morphological and structural characteristics of cells.