Fig. 1. (a) 316L powder; (b) WC powder; (c) Schematic diagram of ultrasonic assisted laser cladding; (d) Ultrasonic assisted laser cladding test platform

Fig. 2. Microstructure morphology around WC particle of cladding layer. (a), (c) Without ultrasound; (b), (d) With ultrasound; (e) Comparison of grain size distribution

Fig. 3. Microstructure and element distribution around WC with and without ultrasound action. (a) Without ultrasound; (b) With ultrasound; (c) Comparison of the atomic ratio; (d) Comparison of of the mass ratio

Fig. 4. Surface distribution of elements around WC particle. (a) Without ultrasound; (b) With ultrasound

Fig. 5. Mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on WC alloy reaction layer and dendrites

Fig. 6. Microhardness distribution of cross sections of samples with and without ultrasound. (a) Hardness distribution along depth; (b) Hardness distribution around WC particle

Fig. 7. (a) Friction coefficient curve of samples with and without ultrasound; (b) Wear amount and wear rate of samples with and without ultrasound

Fig. 8. Cross section profile and morphology of the worn surface. (a), (c), (e), (g) Without ultrasound; (b), (d), (f), (h) With ultrasound

Fig. 9. Dynamic potential polarization curves of samples with and without ultrasound

Fig. 10. EIS of samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution with and without ultrasound. (a) Nyquist plot; (b) Bode plot; (d) Equivalent circuit mode