Fig. 1. (Color online) (a) P2/O3 biphasic cathodes’ P2/O3 ratios at different temperatures, (b) initial charge/discharge curves, and (c) cycling performance over a wide operating temperature range (−40 to 50 ℃), respectively. Reproduced with permission^[21], Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (d) Cycling performance (at 100 mA·g⁻¹), (e) rate performance of PC-HEPBA, SC-HEPBA and Mixture. Reproduced with permission^[23], Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (f) Schematic drawing for crystal structure change from p-NVPF to HE-NVPF. (g) GCD curves of HE-NVPF cathode, and (h) the calculated capacity contribution of the discharge voltage interval (2.0−3.4 V). Reproduced with permission^[25], Copyright 2023, Wiley.

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Schematic drawing of ion transmission path within the conventional material and the new-type HEMs. (b) Long cycling performance and (c) rate performance of HEO-450, HEO-850, and FEO, respectively. Reproduced with permission^[27], Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (d) Contribution of synthetic metals to HEO price, (e) synthesized HEO anodes’ cost-effectiveness. Reproduced with permission^[28], Copyright 2022, Elsevier. (f) At different current densities and in the voltage range between 0.01 and 3 V, Li⁺/Li rate performance of all HESs, CoS₂, 4MS₂, and MWCNTs half-cell^[29], Copyright 2022, Wiley. Comparison with ex-situ XRD patterns for the (g) Cu₂MnSnS₄ (CSS) and (j) HE-CMFSGS discharged after different cycle numbers (1st, 10th, and 20th). And (h, i, k, l) TEM images from the diffraction of the Sn (200) plane. Reproduced with permission^[30], Copyright 2022, Wiley.