Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Separate Expression of Mutual Information Features

Hui Wang; Xiaoqing Luo; Zhancheng Zhang

doi:10.3788/LOP230855

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 24, 2410002(2023)

Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Separate Expression of Mutual Information Features

Hui Wang^1,2,3, Xiaoqing Luo^1,2,3、*, and Zhancheng Zhang⁴

Author Affiliations

¹School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China

²Institute of Advanced Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China

³Jiangsu Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Computational Intelligence, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China

⁴School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China

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Figures & Tables(16)

Fig. 1. Overall framework for fusion network

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Fig. 2. Encoder construction. (a) Mutual information encoder; (b) general convolutional encoder

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Fig. 3. Hierarchical feature visualisation. (a1) IR; (a2) VIS; (b1) $C_{1}^{I R}$ ; (b2) $C_{1}^{V I S}$ ; (c1) $C_{2}^{I R}$ ; (c2) $C_{2}^{V I S}$ ; (d1) $R_{1}^{I R}$ ; (d2) $R_{1}^{V I S}$ ; (e1) $R_{2}^{I R}$ ; (e2) $R_{2}^{V I S}$

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Fig. 4. HAFF module structure

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Fig. 5. Visualisation of HAFF module features and parameters. (a) IR; (b) VIS; (c) $F_{1}$ ; (d) $α$ ; (e) $F_{2}$ ; (f) $β$ ; (g) $F_{3}$ ; (h) $γ$ ; (i) $F^{'}$

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Fig. 6. Experimental results comparing the TNO dataset. (a) IR; (b) VIS; (c) GTF; (d) GANMcC; (e) GAN-FM; (f) SDNet;(g) Densefuse; (h) DRF; (i) IFSepR; (j) ours

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Fig. 7. Experimental results comparing the RoadScene dataset. (a) IR; (b) VIS; (c) GTF; (d) GANMcC; (e) GAN-FM; (f) SDNet; (g) Densefuse; (h) DRF; (i) IFSepR; (j) ours

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Fig. 8. Fusion results of different weight values for a pair of images in the TNO dataset. (a) IR; (b) VIS; (c) w=0; (d) w=0.1; (e) w=0.2; (f) w=0.3; (g) w=0.4; (h) w=0.5; (i) w=0.6; (j) w=0.7; (k) w=0.8; (l) w=0.9; (m) w=1.0; (n) ours

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Fig. 9. Fusion results of each method in MRI-CT medical images. (a) MR-T1; (b) CT; (c) GTF; (d) GANMcC; (e) GAN-FM; (f) SDNet; (g) Densefuse; (h) DRF; (i) IFSepR; (j) ours

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Table 1. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

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Table 1. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

Method	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
GTF	39.3766	6.7700	3.5374	27.5437	2.7666	7.0316	0.1954	13.5402
GANMcC	30.4876	6.2167	2.2788	20.1246	1.9334	4.6448	0.1363	12.4336
GAN-FM	28.6088	6.5363	3.5750	27.3276	2.7304	6.9313	0.1945	13.0727
SDNet	33.0535	6.7042	4.7285	39.9012	3.9359	9.3848	0.2762	13.4086
Densefuse	35.6407	6.8817	3.6372	30.7780	3.0116	7.1147	0.3039	13.7635
DRF	9.7089	5.0372	0.7828	7.8756	0.7220	1.6082	0.1127	10.0745
IFSepR	26.9453	6.4900	3.3446	28.0275	2.7778	7.1973	0.3295	12.9799
Ours	43.6229	7.1650	5.7459	53.2266	5.0586	10.7925	0.4995	14.3300

Table 2. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the RoadScene dataset 221 pairs of images

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Table 2. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the RoadScene dataset 221 pairs of images

Method	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
GTF	53.0565	7.5013	3.9626	35.3473	3.3552	9.4492	0.2321	15.0027
GANMcC	38.6292	6.8719	3.8104	35.6541	3.3365	8.0408	0.1863	13.7437
GAN-FM	38.3201	7.0326	4.8691	41.5556	3.9687	10.4286	0.2467	14.0652
SDNet	44.9798	7.3160	7.1417	64.0914	6.0926	15.1815	0.3998	14.6320
Densefuse	42.3739	7.1708	5.3075	46.3451	4.4202	11.2749	0.3938	14.3417
DRF	17.4962	5.8409	1.3293	13.3512	1.2238	2.7764	0.0835	11.6818
IFSepR	33.4337	6.8843	5.3954	44.7533	4.4083	13.2158	0.3513	13.7686
Ours	55.2487	7.6632	10.8311	98.7832	9.3087	21.3638	0.5034	15.3265

Table 3. Objective evaluation metrics for different fusion methods on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

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Table 3. Objective evaluation metrics for different fusion methods on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Fusion	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
Addition	39.1200	7.0708	5.2884	48.9269	4.6386	9.8304	0.4166	14.1415
Multiplication	37.8513	7.0431	5.1052	47.2807	4.4835	9.3957	0.3856	14.0862
Concation	42.3549	7.1600	4.8912	46.2831	4.3370	9.2844	0.2956	14.3200
ASFF	42.8398	7.1284	5.5951	51.0774	5.0215	10.0065	0.3295	14.2568
Ours	43.6229	7.1650	5.7459	53.2266	5.0586	10.7925	0.4995	14.3300

Table 4. Objective evaluation metrics for different weighting values on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

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Table 4. Objective evaluation metrics for different weighting values on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Method	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
$ω = 0$	44.7291	7.2098	5.2815	50.0910	4.6891	10.0734	0.3338	14.3197
$ω = 0.1$	41.6797	7.1281	4.7107	44.7071	4.1901	9.0897	0.2809	14.2563
$ω = 0.2$	36.9613	7.0059	4.7370	43.4540	4.1182	8.9765	0.2711	14.0118
$ω = 0.3$	37.3071	7.0519	4.6598	43.6528	4.0920	8.8187	0.2121	14.1038
$ω = 0.4$	35.3388	6.9910	4.7573	43.8456	4.1299	8.9738	0.2201	13.9821
$ω = 0.5$	34.6621	6.9800	4.9332	44.9583	4.2583	9.2221	0.2058	13.9599
$ω = 0.6$	31.2020	6.8659	4.9018	43.3784	4.1468	9.0474	0.1835	13.7318
$ω = 0.7$	33.3493	6.9473	5.0526	45.3067	4.3051	9.3688	0.2018	13.8947
$ω = 0.8$	35.1397	7.0141	4.8359	43.7822	4.1602	8.9426	0.1962	14.0282
$ω = 0.9$	31.4273	6.8663	5.1649	45.8445	4.3726	9.5681	0.1898	13.7325
$ω = 1.0$	34.2250	6.9726	4.9425	43.7664	4.1684	9.1598	0.1991	13.9451
Ours	43.6229	7.1650	5.7459	53.2266	5.0586	10.7925	0.4995	14.3300

Table 5. Objective evaluation indicators for different balance parameter values on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

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Table 5. Objective evaluation indicators for different balance parameter values on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

$λ$	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
$λ = 0.1$	39.8836	6.8782	4.9477	50.3209	4.1579	9.1012	0.3946	13.7563
$λ = 0.2$	40.9696	6.9291	5.0301	52.4783	4.2433	9.3433	0.3980	13.8582
$λ = 0.3$	42.6061	6.9938	4.9322	51.9882	4.1768	10.1270	0.4042	13.9877
$λ = 0.4$	41.2148	7.0141	5.0890	52.2599	4.3055	9.4051	0.4031	14.0281
$λ = 0.5$	41.8657	7.0044	5.1368	53.0034	4.3732	9.4556	0.4057	14.0088
$λ = 0.6$	42.7849	6.9210	5.0168	50.3367	4.2424	10.2695	0.3902	13.8420
$λ = 0.7$	43.6229	7.1650	5.7459	53.2266	5.0586	10.7925	0.4995	14.3300
$λ = 0.8$	42.6738	6.9603	5.0696	49.1183	4.2991	10.3194	0.4150	13.9206
$λ = 0.9$	40.5754	6.9986	5.4492	47.2277	4.5437	9.9541	0.4081	13.9972
$λ = 1.0$	39.1473	7.0221	4.9707	49.8322	4.2551	9.2919	0.4082	14.0441

Table 6. Objective evaluation index of each method on 15 pairs of MRI-CT medical images

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Table 6. Objective evaluation index of each method on 15 pairs of MRI-CT medical images

Method	SD	EN	DF	EI	AG	SF	Qp	MI
GTF	60.6857	4.4535	6.6577	57.8738	5.6328	21.7096	0.0264	8.9071
GANMcC	48.0953	4.5493	3.9745	37.3691	3.5264	11.1650	0.0095	9.0986
GAN-FM	58.4541	5.8833	5.0845	43.8918	4.2130	18.6376	0.0186	11.7667
SDNet	62.4863	5.1234	7.9727	70.8844	6.8823	23.5017	0.0308	10.2468
Densefuse	63.0141	4.4407	5.4302	47.4444	4.5968	17.6804	0.0295	8.8815
DRF	23.5208	4.4353	0.9759	10.0041	0.9146	2.6619	0.0213	8.8707
IFSepR	54.7893	5.2338	8.7076	89.1554	7.0692	40.3196	0.0113	10.4677
Ours	63.3236	6.6326	8.7420	74.8356	7.3261	23.1368	0.0277	13.2653

Table 7. Comparison of the efficiency of models based on deep learning methods
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Table 7. Comparison of the efficiency of models based on deep learning methods
Parameter GANMcC GAN-FM SDNet DenseFuse DRF IFSepR Ours
Parameter number /10⁶ 8.680 59.014 0.256 4.245 183.636s 1.960 8.893
FPS /（frame·s^-1） 1.210 14.285 26.316 38.610 1.112 0.806 217

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Hui Wang, Xiaoqing Luo, Zhancheng Zhang. Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Based on Separate Expression of Mutual Information Features[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(24): 2410002

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Paper Information

Category: Image Processing

Received: Feb. 13, 2023

Accepted: Apr. 7, 2023

Published Online: Dec. 4, 2023

The Author Email: Luo Xiaoqing (xqluo@jiangnan.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/LOP230855

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

Table 1. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

Table 2. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the RoadScene dataset 221 pairs of images

Table 2. Objective evaluation metrics for each method on the RoadScene dataset 221 pairs of images

Table 3. Objective evaluation metrics for different fusion methods on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Table 3. Objective evaluation metrics for different fusion methods on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Table 4. Objective evaluation metrics for different weighting values on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Table 4. Objective evaluation metrics for different weighting values on 43 pairs of images from the TNO dataset

Table 5. Objective evaluation indicators for different balance parameter values on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

Table 5. Objective evaluation indicators for different balance parameter values on the TNO dataset 43 pairs of images

Table 6. Objective evaluation index of each method on 15 pairs of MRI-CT medical images

Table 6. Objective evaluation index of each method on 15 pairs of MRI-CT medical images

Table 7. Comparison of the efficiency of models based on deep learning methods

Table 7. Comparison of the efficiency of models based on deep learning methods