. Static water contact angle (CA) of hydrophobic fumed SiO₂

2. Nyquist plots (a), ionic conductivity (b) and viscosity (c) of PMMA-based GPEs with 0, 0.2wt%, 0.5wt%, 0.8wt% and 1.0wt% fumed SiO₂. Electrochromic switching behaviors at 633 nm (e), colored state EIS (d) and CV curves (f) of ECDs contained PMMA-based GPEs with 0, 0.5wt% fumed SiO₂. Scan rate: 100 mV/s

. Particle size of hydrophobic fumed silica (a) and hydrophilic fumed silica (b) in PC

. FT-IR spectrum of hydrophobic fumed SiO₂

. Schematic diagram of the transportation of Li⁺ ion through H-SiO₂GPEs with three-dimensional structure

. Ionic conductivity of liquid electrolyte with 0, 0.2wt%, 0.5wt%, 0.8wt%, and 1.0wt% fumed SiO₂ (a), and colored state Nyquist plots (b) and CV curves (c) of WO₃ films in liquid electrolyte with 0, 0.2wt%, 0.5wt%, 0.8wt% and 1.0wt% fumed SiO₂. Scan rate: 100 mV/s

. SEM images of pure GPEs (a) and 0.5wt% H-SiO₂ GPEs (b)

. XRD patterns of the as-prepared WO₃(a), SEM image of WO₃ films coated on ITO substrates(b), TEM images of WO₃ dispersion (c) and typical nanorod (d) with high magnification