Fig. 1. Standard setup of DAPHNIS for serial diffraction/scattering experiments^[43]. The DAPHNIS system consists of a sample chamber, microscopes for sample monitoring, a sample injector, and an MPCCD detector with eight sensor modules. These key components are built on a single table. The sample chamber is filled with a He gas during measurement. The red arrow indicates the XFEL beam direction.

Fig. 2. The MAXIC system for in-vacuum diffraction/scattering experiments^[45]. The vacuum chamber contains a pair of four-jaw slits and motorized stages for injector or fixed targets. In most experiments, a focusing system and MPCCD detectors are employed as well. The red arrow indicates the XFEL beam direction.

Fig. 3. A microscope image of the tip of GDVN at SACLA. The liquid beam from the inner capillary is squeezed by the gas flow in the outer capillary.

Fig. 4. One of the diffraction patterns of $1~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ lysozyme crystals delivered by using the liquid-jet injector with GDVN. The image was recorded with the MPCCD detector which was placed 50 mm apart from the interaction point. Each of the eight sensor modules of the detector has an effective area of $25~\text{mm}\times 50~\text{mm}$.

Fig. 5. A schematic drawing of the liquid-jet injector with a sample circulator. The sample liquid in the reservoir is discharged and circulated by the peristaltic pump.

Fig. 6. (a) The syringe-pump type of injector for a viscous carrier. The plunger of the syringe is pushed down by the push rod mounted on a linear actuator. (b) Enlarged view of the syringe part. Temperature of the syringe is kept constant by using the cooling jacket with a thermoelectric device.

Fig. 7. A schematic diagram of the system of droplet injector. The nozzle with a piezoelectric element is driven by the electric pulse generator. The timing of ejection is adjusted by the delay generator which is synchronized with the XFEL source. The pressure controller keeps an optimum pressure of the sample.