Fig. 1. Basic model diagram of LBIC microscopy

Fig. 2. Classification of LBIC microscopy. (a) Excitation through microscopic objective lens; (b) Excitation through near-field fiber cone; (c) Current collection through conductive AFM probe

Fig. 3. Correlated LBIC with topography microscopic imaging technology. (a) Correlated with AFM^[26]; (b) SNOM probe collects height, reflection and photocurrent at the same time^[27]; (c) Correlated with SEM^[24]

Fig. 4. LBIC correlated with optical imaging characterization technology. (a) Absorption-LBIC correlated imaging^[19]; (b) PL-LBIC correlated imaging^[19]; (c) Raman-LBIC correlated imaging^[30]; (d) FLIM-LBIC correlated imaging^[31]

Fig. 5. Correlated imaging of LBIC, PL and LBIV of perovskite solar cells^[35]. (a) PL imaging; (b) LBIC imaging; (c) LBIV imaging; (d) Quantitative distribution of PL intensity; (e) Quantitative distribution of PCE; (f) Overlapping of PL imaging and PCE imaging

Fig. 6. The influence of crystal grains and grain boundaries on device performance in CdTe photovoltaic devices^[39]. (a) Absorption coefficient of CdTe; (b) Interface SEM image; (c) Surface SEM image; Microscopic LBIC imaging under different wavelength excitation (d) 532 nm, (e) 750 nm, (f) 800 nm, (g) 850 nm, (h) 880 nm, (i) 900 nm

Fig. 7. Low-dimensional detection/photovoltaic devices. (a) Graphene devices^[21]; (b) Carbon nanotube devices^[42]; (c) Nanowire photovoltaic devices^[3]

Fig. 8. Application of micro-LBIC correlation characterization technology for the enhancement effect of bulk-material photovoltaic devices. (a) The effect of gold shell nanostructures on photocurrent of GaAs photovoltaic devices^[4]; (b) NOBIC characterization of the enhancement effect of SiO₂ micro-beads^[44]