Based on gold nanoparticle and gold nanorod film substrates, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology is used to detect the content of ciprofloxacin (CIP), providing a new mode of detecting ciprofloxacin residues in food. The gold nanoparticle colloid is prepared by using sodium citrate to reduce chloroauric acid, whereas the gold nanorod colloid is prepared by the seed growth method, and then applied to the SERS reinforced substrate. SERS detection of CIP is conducted using different excitation light wavelengths, and the optimal laser wavelength is determined to be 780 nm. The calibration-set CIP standard solution is used to establish a working curve of CIP concentration-SERS signal intensity, and the validation-set standard samples are used to observe the predictive ability. The results show that the recovery rates of SERS detection for CIP using gold nanoparticle and gold nanorod substrates are approximately 97.1%-105.0% and 96.3%-121.8%, respectively. This confirm that SERS has advantages of high sensitivity and rapid detection potential in the field of detecting CIP antibiotics.