Fig. 1. Flow chart of the LST assimilation scheme

Fig. 2. LST (a, b) and observation time (c, d) during the daytime (a, c) and nighttime (b, d) using the MOD11C1 global LST product on 1st June, 2014

Fig. 3. LST observation distributions after processing for 3-hour (a), 6-hour (b), 12-hour (c), and 24-hour (d) time intervals according to the observation time

Fig. 4. The global mean LST sequence, with time intervals of 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours respectively

Fig. 5. From 2014 to 2015, the spatial distributions of the bias (K) of the LST simulation results for each experiment compared with GLDAS LSTs

Fig. 6. The number of grid points distributed for each bias interval, where the bias values are calculated via the simulation results for each experiment minus the GLDAS results

Fig. 7. Comparison of monthly average absolute bias values in the LST simulation results for each experiment with the GLDAS LSTs

Fig. 8. The spatial distributions of the RMSE (K) for the LST simulation results in each experiment compared with the GLDAS LST results

Fig. 9. Comparison of monthly average RMSEs in the LST simulation results of the experiments with those of the GLDAS

Fig. 10. The spatial distributions of the correlation coefficients between the LST simulation results via the experiments and the GLDAS LSTs

Fig. 11. Comparison of the correlation coefficients between the surface temperature simulation results of the experiments and the GLDAS LSTs