Fig. 1. Spatial optical analog computing in different physical systems

Fig. 2. Effective medium theory of spatial optical analog computing^[30]. (a) Multifunctional spatial optical analog computing based on GRIN lenses and metasurfaces; (b) spatial optical analog computing based on multilayer dielectric film

Fig. 3. Resonant system of spatial optical analog computing. (a) Spatial differentiation based on SPP^[83]; (b) divergence operation of vector fields based on graphene metasurface^[85]; (c) Fano resonance enabled multifunctional differentiator^[86]; (d) spatial differentiation based on electric dipole resonance^[87]; (e) photonic crystal for Laplacian operation based on quasi-BIC^[99]; (f) multifunctional differentiator with nonlocal metasurface^[105]

Fig. 4. Non-resonant system of spatial optical analog computing. (a) First-order differentiation operation by Brewster effect^[111]; (b) differentiation operation based on Goos-Hänchen effect^[113]; (c) spatial differentiation operation from the spin Hall effect of light^[114]; (d) differentiation operation based on topological effect^[119]; (e) topological differentiation operation based on spin-orbit coupling^[120]; (f) spatial differentiation based on PB phase metasurface^[126]

Fig. 5. Applications of spatial optical analog computing. (a) Spiral metalens for edge enhanced^[129]; (b) high-contrast imaging based on PB phase metasurface^[130]; (c) arbitrary all-optical convolution based on metasurface^[131]; (d) differential interference contrast microscopy based on metagratings^[132]; (e) multifunctional synchronous imaging microscope based on metasurface^[133]