Acta Optica Sinica (Online), Volume. 2, Issue 1, 0102001(2025)
Multi-Dimensional Detectors Based on Novel Low-Dimensional Materials (Invited)
Figures & Tables(13)
![Overview of multidimensional detectors, including intensity detectors[22-24] (upper left), phase angle detectors[25-27] (upper right), polarization detectors[28-30] (lower right), spectral detectors[31-33] (lower left), and multi-dimensional fusion detectors[34] (center)](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 1. Overview of multidimensional detectors, including intensity detectors[22-24] (upper left), phase angle detectors[25-27] (upper right), polarization detectors[28-30] (lower right), spectral detectors[31-33] (lower left), and multi-dimensional fusion detectors[34] (center)
Fig. 2. Intensity detectors. (a) Ta2NiSe5/WSe2 heterojunction tunneling photodetector[23]; (b) fitting curves of tunneling mechanism under light excitation[23]; (c) responsivity‒response time parameter characterization[23]; (d) schematic of photon multiplication in homojunctions and traditional bulk materials[44]; (e) I-V test curves of WSe2 homojunction[44]; (f) multiplication power and multiplication gain characterization[44]; (g) van der Waals single barrier detector structure[22]; (h) Arrhenius test diagram of single barrier device[22]; (i) I-V curves under different power[22]
Fig. 3. Phase angle detectors. (a) Multiplexed nanoring aperture[26]; (b) mode sorting[26]; (c) wavelength multiplexing[26]; (d) U-shaped electrode OAM detector[25]; (e) OAM circular polarization resolution[25]; (f) OAM mode resolution[25]; (g) schematic of spin Hall coupler structure[27]; (h) PTE bipolar control[27]; (i) OAM ellipticity discrimination[27]
Fig. 4. Polarization dimension detectors. (a) 2H ′-MoTe2/PVDF ferroelectric field-controlled devices[30]; (b) characterization of photocurrent from bulk photovoltaic effect[30]; (c) characterization of linear polarization detection[30]; (d) circular polarization photodetection and T-shaped ring device in Poincaré sphere[28]; (e) comparison between ring and rectangular devices[28]; (f) polarization photocurrent tested at different angles[28]; (g) four-pixel MoS2/metasurface compact polarization detector[29]; (h) four-pixel photoelectric conversion matrix[29]; (i) full-Stokes polarization state reconstruction on Poincaré sphere[29]
Fig. 5. Spectral detectors. (a) MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction band bending regulation spectrometer[31]; (b) spectral response characteristic matrix[31]; (c) comparison of resolution with commercial spectrometers[31];(d) ReSe2/SnS2 heterojunction spectral detector[32]; (e) spectral response characteristic matrix[32]; (f) characterization of heterojunction device spectral resolution[32]; (g) MoS2 electrostrictive effect spectral detector[33]; (h) fine spectral resolution of the device[33]
Fig. 6. New multi-dimensional fusion detectors.(a) Three-angle AsP multi-dimensional detector structure and multi-dimensional detection mechanism[83]; (b) three-terminal device multi-dimensional concentric ring response[83]; (c) power‒linear polarization multi-dimensional imaging application demonstration[83]; (d) angle graphene device structure[34]; (e) dual-gate controlled photocurrent contribution spectrum under spectral‒polarization response[34]; (f) decoding and restoring spectral‒polarization response through neural network learning[34]; (g) schematic of spectral‒polarization photodetector[84]; (h) complex spectral‒full-Stokes detection reconstruction effect[84]; (i) spectral‒full-Stokes multi-dimensional imaging application demonstration[84]
Fig. 7. Multi-dimensional photonic chip-on-chip. (a) Compact depth optical sensing technology[3]; (b) principle of multi-dimensional optical information reconstruction[3]; (c) schematic of multi-dimensional information visual processing chip[88]; (d) schematic of polarization dimension on-chip development structure[88]
Fig. 8. Future development and prospects of multi-dimensional detectors (physical mechanism, new device structure, and algorithm optimization)
Table 1. Parameter summary of intensity detectors
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Parameter summary of intensity detectors
Structure Mechanism Responsivity Response time Wavelength Ref. Ta2NiSe5/WSe2 Photogating-tunneling 7300 A/W 1 μs 1550 nm ［23］ BP/InSe Ballistic avalanche 3 104 （gain） 150 μs 4 μm ［24］ WSe2 homojunction Avalanche 4 102 （gain） 10 μs 637 nm ［44］ Graphene/MoS2/BP Unipolar barrier 2 A/W 20 μs 3.8 μm ［22］ AsP/MoS2/BP Asymmetric unipolar barrier 23.4 mA/W 0.4 μs 4.6 μm ［46］ BP/Bi2O2Se Momentum matching 1.22 A/W 118 μs 2 μm ［45］ PdSe2 PTE 13 V/W 50 μs 4.6‒10.5 μm ［48］ SnSe PTE 0.47 V/W 107 ms 0.532‒13.2 μm ［49］
Table 2. Parameter summary of phase angle detectors
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Parameter summary of phase angle detectors
Structure Strategy Function Wavelength Ref. Concentric double nanoring slits Multiplexing OAM 4 modes 580‒700 nm ［26］ WTe2/U-shaped electrode Current winding OAM detection 1 μm ［25］ TaIrTe4/U-shaped electrode Current winding/amplification of second-order response OAM detection 4 μm ［57］ PdSe2/spin Hall coupler PTE bipolar response OAM chirality and ellipticity detection 8 μm ［27］
Table 3. Parameter summary of polarization detectors
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Parameter summary of polarization detectors
Structure Wavelength Responsivity Function Extinction ratio Response time Ref. Te 3 μm 354 A/W LP 9 （LP） 62.7 μs ［63］ BP/MoS2/BP 3.5 μm 0.89 A/W LP 100 （LP） 3.7 μs ［64］ BP/PVDF 1550 nm 1.06 A/W LP 288 （LP） 361 μs ［65］ AsP/WS2/AsP 4.6 μm 100 V/W LP （LP） 200 μs ［70］ Nb2GeTe4/MoS2 3.7‒11 μm 1.59 mA/W LP -3.37， 48 （LP） 253 μs ［67］ 1T ′-MoTe2/WSe2 635 nm 0.212 A/W LP 1→+∞/-∞→-1 （reconfigurable） 117 μs ［69］ CdSb2Se3Br2/WSe2 532 nm NA LP 1→+∞/-∞→-1 （reconfigurable） NA ［68］ Graphene/heterogeneous metasurface 4 μm 15.6 V/W LP 1→+∞/-∞→-1 （reconfigurable） 667 ns ［66］ 2H ′-MoTe2/PVDF 1550 nm 20 mA/W LP 1→+∞/-∞→-1 （reconfigurable） NA ［30］ Te 10.6 μm 130 μA/W CP ~0.3 （CP） NA ［74］ Graphene/ring-distributed centrosymmetric metasurface 4 μm 98 V/W Only CP 84 （CP） 886 ns ［28］ PdSe2/chiral metasurface 7 μm 3.6 V/W Full Stokes 1→+∞/-∞→-1（LP， CP reconfigurable） 76 μs ［73］ MoS2/4 pixel metasurface 1.6 μm ~100 μA/W Full Stokes 100 （extinction ratio） 19.5 μs ［29］
Table 4. Parameter summary of spectral detectors
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Parameter summary of spectral detectors
Structure Mechanism Footprint /（μm×μm） Wavelength Resolution Ref. Quantum dot Particle size bandgap 8500×6800 380‒630 nm 3.2 nm ［77］ CdSxSe1-x nanowire Pixel bandgap 50×1 500‒600 nm 7 nm ［79］ BP Stark effect 9×16 2‒9 μm 40 nm ［20］ ReS2/Au nanoparticles/WSe2 Interlayer exciton 20×20 1150‒1470 nm 20 nm ［21］ MoS2/WSe2 Heterojunction band control 22×8 405‒845 nm 3 nm ［31］ ReSe2/SnS2 Heterojunction band control 19×19 400‒800 nm 5 nm ［32］ BP/MoS2 Band-to-band tunneling 30×20 500‒1600 nm 2 nm ［80］ Semi-floating MoS2 homojunction Electrostrictive effect 20×25 400‒860 nm 1.2 nm ［33］
Table 5. Parameter summary of multi-dimensional fusion detectors
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Parameter summary of multi-dimensional fusion detectors
Structure Multi-dimensional mechanism Wavelength Intensity Polarization Ref. Graphene/T-shaped metasurface BPVE √ √ （LP） ［82］ Twisted BP -Bi2Se3 Schottky photon √ √ （LP or CP） ［71］ Double twisted BP PTE √ √ （LP） ［83］ Double twisted BP PTE √ （single point） √ ［83］ BP/MoS2/AsP Asymmetric unipolar barrier √ （spectrum） √ （LP） ［86］ Graphene/matesurface BPVE √ （spectrum） √ （Stokes） ［87］ Twisted graphene Topological quantum states √ （spectrum） √ （Stokes） ［34］ Lens-film-CMOS Dispersion distribution √ （spectrum） √ √ （Stokes） ［84］
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Jiayue Han, Jun Wang. Multi-Dimensional Detectors Based on Novel Low-Dimensional Materials (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica (Online), 2025, 2(1): 0102001
Paper Information
Category: Research Articles
Received: Nov. 14, 2024
Accepted: Dec. 3, 2024
Published Online: Feb. 14, 2025
The Author Email: Wang Jun (wjun@uestc.edu.cn)
CSTR:32394.14.AOSOL240463
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