Lossy mode resonance (LMR) is an optical phenomenon that has attracted great research efforts in the field of sensing applications
Opto-Electronic Advances, Volume. 7, Issue 2, 230072-1(2024)
Generation of lossy mode resonances (LMR) using perovskite nanofilms
The results presented here show for the first time the experimental demonstration of the fabrication of lossy mode resonance (LMR) devices based on perovskite coatings deposited on planar waveguides. Perovskite thin films have been obtained by means of the spin coating technique and their presence was confirmed by ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction testing. The LMRs can be generated in a wide wavelength range and the experimental results agree with the theoretical simulations. Overall, this study highlights the potential of perovskite thin films for the development of novel LMR-based devices that can be used for environmental monitoring, industrial sensing, and gas detection, among other applications.
Introduction
Lossy mode resonance (LMR) is an optical phenomenon that has attracted great research efforts in the field of sensing applications
The key in order to generate an LMR is to choose the material for the thin film properly. In this sense, the material must satisfy the following conditions: the real part of the permittivity thin film has to be positive and higher in magnitude than its own imaginary part and higher than the real part of the permittivity of both the optical waveguide and the external medium surrounding the thin film
The operating principle of LMR-based devices is the following: LMR will suffer a wavelength shift if either a variation in the properties of the LMR support film (either refractive index or thickness) or a change in the optical properties (refractive index) of the surrounding media occurs
However, further research is needed on materials that allow the generation of new LMR-based devices. Here, it is important to note that both the real part of the refractive index and the dispersion of the material are critical for the sensitivity of the device, while the imaginary part of the refractive index rules the depth of the LMR
In this work we focus on the perovskite as novel LMR-supporting thin film material. Perovskites have already been studied for generating LMR but just in theoretical cases
This report presents the first experimental generation of LMRs based on mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskite thin films. The experimental results are further supported by theoretical simulations.
Experimental section
Fabrication of perovskite film
Samples were fabricated on soda lime silica glass substrates from Sigma-Aldrich with dimensions of 18×18× 0.15 mm and optical properties found in ref.
Thin perovskite films have been fabricated with different molar precursor concentrations, i.e. 0.4 M, 0.8 M and 1.5 M (concentration relative to the DMSO:DMF (dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide)) based on mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite. In particular, the perovskite is composed of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) and methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) solutions (5:1%V, respectively) both in 1:4%V DMSO:DMF, to which it was added 5%V of cesium iodide (CsI) solution in DMSO and 5%V of rubidium ioidide (RbI) solution in 1:4%V DMSO:DMF.
The perovskite film (Cs0.05Rb0.05(MA0.17FA0.83) 0.9Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3) was deposited by spin-coating on top of the PEDOT:PSS layer using a two-step program: 1) 1000 rpm, 10 s; 2) 6000 rpm, 20 s. During the second step, chlorobenzene was added as antisolvent on the spinning substrate 5 s before the sample stopped. After that, the samples were annealed at 100 °C for 60 min using a hot plate.
Experimental setup
Figure 1.
A multimode optical fiber (FT200EMT with 200/225 µm core/cladding diameter) was purchased from ThorLabs and used to prepare the pigtails that transport the optical signal. Broadband white light source (Takhi-HP halogen) was obtained from Pyroistech. Two spectrometers (USB2000 and Nirquest with wavelength ranges from 400 nm to 1000 nm and from 900 nm to 1700 nm respectively), from Ocean Insight were used to monitor the spectral responses of the devices. Two different polarizers, both from ThorLabs, were used to filter the wide spectral range, one for the visible and the other for the near-infrared ranges, and allowed to separate Transversal Electric (TE) and Transversal Magnetic (TM) light polarization modes.
Ellipsometry, SEM and XRD analysis
A scanning electron microscopy (SEM), model UltraPlus FESEM from Carl Zeiss Inc, with an in-lens detector at 3 kV and an aperture diameter of 30 μm, was used to carry out thickness measurements of perovskites on the coverslips samples.
In addition, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) tool was used to determine the chemical elements present in a film of perovskite coated onto glass substrate. The measurements were performed with PANalytical model X’Pert PRO MRD PANalytical diffractometer operating at 45 kV and 40 mA, employing Cu Kα radiation with a secondary monochromator to filter Kβ and a sealed Xenon point detector. A step size of 0.04° and 2 seconds per step was employed in a range of 10°–100°.
The elliposemetry measurement was used to determine the refractive index of the material. The chart was obtained by using an ellipsometer UVISEL, with spectral range of 0.6–6.5 eV (190−2100 nm), an angle of incidence of 70°, a spot size of 1 mm, and software DeltaPsi2TM (from Horiba Scientific Thin Film Division) were used. All these values, specifically the thickness and index of the material, were used to carry out the simulations
Theoretical analysis
For the theoretical analysis of the experimental setup of
The refractive index of the perovskite coating used for the analysis was obtained by performing ellipsometry (UVISEL 2 from Horiba) to a sample deposited onto a slice of silicon wafer (see Results section).
Results and discussion
The impact of the proposed perovskite film was analyzed from a theoretical and experimental point of view. In this sense, and to carry out a complete study, three sensors with three different thicknesses of perovskites were manufactured. For that, the film deposited on the coverslips carefully analyzed by means of SEM imaging, together with X-EDS, thus obtaining the thickness and the chemical elements present of the deposited perovskites. In addition, for the development of the simulations it is also necessary to know the refractive index (n) and the extinction coefficient (k). Consequently, ellipsometry measurements were also carried out.
Figure 2.SEM image of the cross section of a coverslips coated with perovskite film: (
XRD analysis was performed on the samples in order to determinate the crystal structure of the perovskite thin films. The XRD spectrum (
One of the typical characteristics of LMR is that the position of the resonance can be easily tuned along the optical spectrum by changing the thin film thickness. In addition, while increasing the thickness of the thin film, higher order resonances emerge
Regarding the sensing platform, LMRs can be generated with both planar configuration and optical fiber. Here, planar configuration is preferred instead of optical fiber due to several advantages, such as an easy-to-handle and cost-effective setup that avoids the need for optical fiber splices. Moreover, the planar configuration enables to control the polarization with a linear polarizer instead of more complex setups used in optical fiber where a polarizer controller and an in-line-polarizer are required and where it is also necessary to readjust the system each time a new experiment is performed
The transmission spectra of a theoretical perovskite coated sample were calculated by the plane wave method for a one-dimensional multilayer waveguide
Figure 3.
As can be seen in
Subsequently, a detailed analysis was performed on the three fabricated samples to compare the calculated and experimental spectra individually (see
Figure 4.Theoretical and experimental transmission spectra of perovskite thin films with different thicknesses on planar waveguides: (
The final device consisted of a 648 nm perovskite coating, and its numerical and experimental spectra are shown in
The separation between LMRTE and LMRTM, as well as the difference in spectral widths of different-order LMRs, are crucial parameters to consider in understanding the behavior of LMRs. Previous studies have shown that with higher-order resonances, the separation between LMRTE and LMRTM, as well as the spectral widths, decrease. This trend is also observed in our results. As shown in
Conclusions
This study represents a significant step forward in the development of novel devices based on LMR, by demonstrating the feasibility of using perovskite thin films as active materials. The experimental observation of LMRs based on perovskites in a planar configuration opens up new possibilities for the design of compact and versatile photonic devices. Moreover, the variation in thicknesses of the perovskite thin films plays a significant role in shaping the optical characteristics of the developed devices. As the thickness increases, we observed a transition from lower-order to higher-order LMRs in the transmission spectra. Additionally, the spectral widths of the LMRs showed a trend of decreasing with higher-order resonances. These variations in thickness directly impact the resonance wavelengths and spectral properties of the devices, highlighting the importance of carefully controlling and optimizing the thickness of the perovskite coatings for tailored LMR-based applications. Furthermore, the use of a polarizer in conjunction with the planar configuration has allowed us to separate the TE and TM polarization modes, leading to resonances with a reduced spectral width.
In conclusion, this work provides new insights into the potential of perovskite thin films for use in the development of novel LMR devices with important sensing properties. The findings presented here open up opportunities for the application of perovskite-based LMRs in a wide range of optical sensors for environmental monitoring, industrial sensing, and gas detection, among other areas. These results may have significant implications for the development of future generations of optical sensors and pave the way for further research on the use of perovskite materials in the development of advanced optical sensors.
[1] Villar I Del, FJ Arregui, CR Zamarreño et al. Optical sensors based on lossy-mode resonances. Sens Actuators B Chem, 240, 174-185(2017).
[2] FJ Arregui, Villar I Del, CR Zamarreño et al. Giant sensitivity of optical fiber sensors by means of lossy mode resonance. Sens Actuators B Chem, 232, 660-665(2016).
[3] A Ozcariz, CR Zamarreño, P Zubiate et al. Is there a frontier in sensitivity with lossy mode resonance (LMR) based refractometers. Sci Rep, 7, 10280(2017).
[4] Villar I Del, CR Zamarreño, M Hernaez et al. Lossy mode resonance generation with indium-tin-oxide-coated optical fibers for sensing applications. J Lightwave Technol, 28, 111-117(2010).
[5] P Zubiate, CR Zamarreño, Villar I Del et al. High sensitive refractometers based on lossy mode resonances (LMRs) supported by ITO coated D-shaped optical fibers. Opt Express, 23, 8045-8050(2015).
[6] SP Usha, BD Gupta. Performance analysis of zinc oxide-implemented lossy mode resonance-based optical fiber refractive index sensor utilizing thin film/nanostructure. Appl Opt, 56, 5716-5725(2017).
[7] M Benítez, P Zubiate, Villar I Del et al. Lossy mode resonance based microfluidic platform developed on planar waveguide for biosensing applications. Biosensors, 12, 403(2022).
[8] Villar I Del, CR Zamarreño, P Sanchez et al. Generation of lossy mode resonances by deposition of high-refractive-index coatings on uncladded multimode optical fibers. J Opt, 12, 095503(2010).
[9] A Ozcariz, D A Piña-Azamar, CR Zamarreño et al. Aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) coated optical fiber LMR refractometers—an experimental demonstration. Sens Actuators B Chem, 281, 698-704(2019).
[10] A Ozcariz, M Dominik, M Smietana et al. Lossy mode resonance optical sensors based on indium-gallium-zinc oxide thin film. Sens Actuators A Phys, 290, 20-27(2019).
[11] K Kosiel, M Koba, M Masiewicz et al. Tailoring properties of lossy-mode resonance optical fiber sensors with atomic layer deposition technique. Opt Laser Technol, 102, 213-221(2018).
[13] DP Sudas, LY Zakharov, VA Jitov et al. Silicon oxynitride thin film coating to lossy mode resonance fiber-optic refractometer. Sensors, 22, 3665(2022).
[14] DL Bohorquez, Villar I Del, JM Corres et al. Generation of lossy mode resonances in a broadband range with multilayer coated coverslips optimized for humidity sensing. Sens Actuators B Chem, 325, 128795(2020).
[15] C Elosua, FJ Arregui, CR Zamarreño et al. Volatile organic compounds optical fiber sensor based on lossy mode resonances. Sens Actuators B Chem, 173, 523-529(2012).
[16] M Śmietana, M Koba, P Sezemsky et al. Simultaneous optical and electrochemical label-free biosensing with ITO-coated lossy-mode resonance sensor. Biosens Bioelectron, 154, 112050(2020).
[17] F Chiavaioli, P Zubiate, Villar I Del et al. Femtomolar detection by nanocoated fiber label-free biosensors. ACS Sens, 3, 936-943(2018).
[18] P Zubiate, A Urrutia, CR Zamarreño et al. Fiber-based early diagnosis of venous thromboembolic disease by label-free D-dimer detection. Biosens Bioelectron X, 2, 100026(2019).
[19] I Dominguez, Villar I Del, O Fuentes et al. Interdigital concept in photonic sensors based on an array of lossy mode resonances. Sci Rep, 11, 13228(2021).
[20] I Dominguez, Villar I Del, O Fuentes et al. Dually nanocoated planar waveguides towards multi-parameter sensing. Sci Rep, 11, 3669(2021).
[21] Villar I Del, M Hernaez, CR Zamarreño et al. Design rules for lossy mode resonance based sensors. Appl Opt, 51, 4298-4307(2012).
[22] WM Zhao, Q Wang. Analytical solutions to fundamental questions for lossy mode resonance. Laser Photon Rev, 17, 2200554(2023).
[23] LM Wu, YJ Xiang, YW Qin. Lossy-mode-resonance sensor based on perovskite nanomaterial with high sensitivity. Opt Express, 29, 17602-17612(2021).
[24] S Yadollahzadeh, R Aghbolaghi, R Parvizi. Perovskite-based lossy-mode resonance sensor in visible light spectrum: comparison and optimization of optical enhancements. Phys B Condens Matter, 640, 414048(2022).
[25] A Fakharuddin, MK Gangishetty, M Abdi-Jalebi et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat Electron, 5, 203-216(2022).
[26] CL Li, HL Wang, F Wang et al. Ultrafast and broadband photodetectors based on a perovskite/organic bulk heterojunction for large-dynamic-range imaging. Light Sci Appl, 9, 31(2020).
[27] S Deumel, Breemen A Van, G Gelinck et al. High-sensitivity high-resolution X-ray imaging with soft-sintered metal halide perovskites. Nat Electron, 4, 681-688(2021).
[28] W Xu, FM Li, ZX Cai et al. An ultrasensitive and reversible fluorescence sensor of humidity using perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3. J Mater Chem C, 4, 9651-9655(2016).
[29] MA Green, A Ho-Baillie, HJ Snaith. The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nat Photonics, 8, 506-514(2014).
[30] M Rubin. Optical properties of soda lime silica glasses. Sol Energy Mater, 12, 275-288(1985).
[31] P Yeh, A Yariv, CS Hong. Electromagnetic propagation in periodic stratified media. I. General theory. J Opt Soc Am, 67, 423-438(1977).
[32] AK Sharma, BD Gupta. On the sensitivity and signal to noise ratio of a step-index fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor with bimetallic layers. Opt Commun, 245, 159-169(2005).
[33] Silva Filho JMC da, FC Marques. Growth of perovskite nanorods from PbS quantum dots. MRS Adv, 3, 1843-1848(2018).
[34] KW Wu, A Bera, C Ma et al. Temperature-dependent excitonic photoluminescence of hybrid organometal halide perovskite films. Phys Chem Chem Phys, 16, 22476-22481(2014).
[35] L Gil-Escrig, C Momblona, MG La-Placa et al. Vacuum deposited triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite solar cells. Adv Energy Mater, 8, 1703506(2018).
[36] Villar I Del, CR Zamarreño, M Hernaez et al. Generation of lossy mode resonances with absorbing thin-films. J Lightwave Technol, 28, 3351-3357(2010).
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Dayron Armas, Ignacio R. Matias, M. Carmen Lopez-Gonzalez, Carlos Ruiz Zamarreño, Pablo Zubiate, Ignacio del Villar, Beatriz Romero. Generation of lossy mode resonances (LMR) using perovskite nanofilms[J]. Opto-Electronic Advances, 2024, 7(2): 230072-1
Category: Research Articles
Received: May. 5, 2023
Accepted: Aug. 29, 2023
Published Online: May. 24, 2024
The Author Email: Matias Ignacio R. (IRMatias)