Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the HEMP E3A and E3B

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the coupling path of E3 to power grid

Fig. 3. E3 waveform given by the IEC standard

Fig. 4. E3A and E3B benchmark waveforms to be used for susceptibility testing

Fig. 5. Calculation of electric field distribution using a 1D conductivity model

Fig. 6. Calculation process of geomagnetically induced ground electric field under HEMP E3 conditions

Fig. 7. Failure chain sketch of E3 on power system

Fig. 8. Output current waveform-excitation characteristic curve diagram

Fig. 9. Peak breaker recovery voltage as a function of system phase angles for various GICs

Fig. 10. Transformer DC bias laboratory testing system

Fig. 11. Simulation of a three-phase line with pulser in the transformer neutral conductor

Fig. 12. Simulation of a three-phase line with pulser along the line

Fig. 13. E3 effect simulation injection current source of Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Fig. 14. DTRA MHD-E3 project test site images

Fig. 15. Effect test line structure for transmission level lines

Fig. 16. Relationship between harmonic amplitude and simulated injected geomagnetic induction current in DTRA experiments

Fig. 17. Multi-bus GIC example based on PowerWorld model

Fig. 18. Variation in load bus voltage for various electric field ramp rates and various electric field voltage

Fig. 19. Shematic of 42 bus test case

Fig. 20. Schematic diagram of a 750 kV power grid in northwest China