Fig. 1. Physical and point cloud data of weld bead. (a) Single-layer weld bead; (b) point cloud of weld bead

Fig. 2. Simplified weld bead section model

Fig. 3. Finite element mesh model

Fig. 4. Temperature distribution of plate for 70-s cooling after welding

Fig. 5. Node selection and temperature distribution at different time. (a) Node selection; (b) temperature after welding and temperature for 70-s cooling after welding

Fig. 6. Variation in temperature at each edge point of weld with time

Fig. 7. Comparison of simulated and actual temperatures of weld bead edge at different time. (a) After welding; (b) cooling for 70 s after welding

Fig. 8. Variation in temperature of welding end point with time

Fig. 9. Variation in temperature at the midpoint of weld bead edge with time

Fig. 10. Multi-layer welding grid model. (a) Model of weld bead; (b) grids of weld bead

Fig. 11. Variation in temperature at midpoint of intersection line of bead edge and substrate with time

Fig. 12. Variation on temperature at peak of side wall center of each welding layer with time

Fig. 13. Temperature distribution of wave peaks in each layer