Fig. 1. Principle of load region set with embedded surface. (a) Establishment of model; (b) mesh partition; (c) embedment of load surface; (d) embedment of load

Fig. 2. Distribution of nodes in three-dimensional solid element and surface element

Fig. 3. Embedding elements of load surface and loading. (a) Model, cross-sections, and loads; (b) distribution of nodes and equivalence of load; (d) distribution of equivalent load on target

Fig. 4. Comparison between two sets for load region. (a) The set based on fitting with element surfaces; (b) the set based on embedded surface

Fig. 5. Process of loading in multi-spot laser shocking. (a) Geometrical model of target and load surface; (b) mesh for target and load surface; (c) embedding the loading surface; (d) load on spot 1; (e) load on spot 2; (f) load on spot 9

Fig. 6. Load curve for simulation example

Fig. 7. Mises stress nephogram of the set based on embedded surface. (a) Accompanied with load surface; (b) removing load surface

Fig. 8. Results of displacements of the set based on embedded surface. (a) Accompanied with load surface; (b) removing load surface

Fig. 9. Mises stress of the set of fitting with element surfaces

Fig. 10. Displacement of the set of fitting with element surfaces

Fig. 11. Shocked sample. (a) Photograph of absorbed layer; (b) photograph of sample surface; (c) morphology of selected crater

Fig. 12. Morphology and its curve of crater. (a) Measuring location; (b) cross-section profile

Fig. 13. Comparison of profiles between experiment and simulation. (a) Whole profile; (b) partial enlargement