Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 11, 1106003(2023)
Research Progress of the Optical Frequency Standard
Figures & Tables(5)
![Absolute frequency measurements of the optical transitions adopted as the secondary representations of the definition of the second [red shaded areas represent CIPM 2021 recommended frequency values and their corresponding uncertainties (they are not the result of a weighted average of the data in the figures)]. (a) Absolute frequency measurements of the 87Sr optical lattice clock [JILA [67,93], LNE-SYRTE [68,92,94], NICT[95-98], National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ [99-100]),PTB[14,83,101-104],NIM [104-105],NPL [106],UT [69, 107],and NTSC [89]]; (b) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb optical lattice clock [NIST [71,80], KRISS [14,108-111], Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM [112-114]), RIKEN [84,91,115], NMIJ [116-121], and ECNU [86]]; (c) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb+(E2) optical clock [PTB [122-127] and NPL [7,128]]; (d) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb+(E3) optical clock [PTB [8,43,127, 129] and NPL [7,130-133]]; (e) absolute frequency measurements of the 40Ca+ optical clock [NICT [96,134], Universität Innsbruck (INNSBURK [135]), and APM [136-139]]; (f) absolute frequency measurements of the 88Sr optical lattice clock [LNE-SYRTE [140], UT [141-142], Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU [143]), University of Warsaw (UW[144]), and PTB [70]]; (g) absolute frequency measurements of the 88Sr+ optical clock (NRC [145-148] and NPL [63,149]); (h) absolute frequency measurements of the 27Al+ optical clock (NIST [80,150-151]); (i) absolute frequency measurements of the 199Hg optical lattice clock (LNE-SYRTE [37,85] and RIKEN [84,152]); (j) absolute frequency measurements of the 199Hg+ optical clock (NIST [47,53,153])(names marked with an "*" indicates that their absolute frequencies are obtained by frequency ratio measurement between different optical clocks)](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
Fig. 3. Absolute frequency measurements of the optical transitions adopted as the secondary representations of the definition of the second [red shaded areas represent CIPM 2021 recommended frequency values and their corresponding uncertainties (they are not the result of a weighted average of the data in the figures)]. (a) Absolute frequency measurements of the 87Sr optical lattice clock [JILA [67,93], LNE-SYRTE [68,92,94], NICT[95-98], National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ [99-100]),PTB[14,83,101-104],NIM [104-105],NPL [106],UT [69, 107],and NTSC [89]]; (b) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb optical lattice clock [NIST [71,80], KRISS [14,108-111], Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM [112-114]), RIKEN [84,91,115], NMIJ [116-121], and ECNU [86]]; (c) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb+(E2) optical clock [PTB [122-127] and NPL [7,128]]; (d) absolute frequency measurements of the 171Yb+(E3) optical clock [PTB [8,43,127, 129] and NPL [7,130-133]]; (e) absolute frequency measurements of the 40Ca+ optical clock [NICT [96,134], Universität Innsbruck (INNSBURK [135]), and APM [136-139]]; (f) absolute frequency measurements of the 88Sr optical lattice clock [LNE-SYRTE [140], UT [141-142], Nicolaus Copernicus University (NCU [143]), University of Warsaw (UW[144]), and PTB [70]]; (g) absolute frequency measurements of the 88Sr+ optical clock (NRC [145-148] and NPL [63,149]); (h) absolute frequency measurements of the 27Al+ optical clock (NIST [80,150-151]); (i) absolute frequency measurements of the 199Hg optical lattice clock (LNE-SYRTE [37,85] and RIKEN [84,152]); (j) absolute frequency measurements of the 199Hg+ optical clock (NIST [47,53,153])(names marked with an "*" indicates that their absolute frequencies are obtained by frequency ratio measurement between different optical clocks)
Table 1. Systematic uncertainty and stability of representative single-ion optical clocks in the domestic and overseas
View tableTable 1. Systematic uncertainty and stability of representative single-ion optical clocks in the domestic and overseas
Type Institution Uncertainty Stability /［（τ/s）-0.5］ 27Al+ NIST 9.4×10-19［ 46 ］1.2×10-15［ 46 ］27Al+ APM 7.9×10-18［ 47 ］3.4×10-14［ 13 ］171Yb+ PTB 2.7×10-18［ 13 ］1.4×10-15［ 13 ］88Sr+ NRC 1.1×10-17［ 61 ］3×10-15［ 62 ］88Sr+ NPL 4.9×10-17［ 63 ］2.2×10-14［ 63 ］40Ca+ APM 3×10-18［ 56 ］3×10-15［ 56 ］117In+ NICT 5×10-16［ 48 ］- 199Hg+ NIST 1.9×10-17［ 47 ］3.9×10-15［ 47 ］
Table 2. Systematic uncertainty and stability of representative optical lattice clocks in the domestic and overseas
View tableTable 2. Systematic uncertainty and stability of representative optical lattice clocks in the domestic and overseas
Type Institution Uncertainty Stability /［（τ/s）-0.5］ 87Sr JILA 2×10-18［ 34 ］4.8×10-17［ 79 ］171Yb NIST 1.4×10-18［ 35 ］6×10-17［ 28 ］88Sr PTB 2×10-17［ 70 ］1.6×10-16［ 70 ］87Sr PTB 1.5×10-17［ 83 ］4.1×10-16［ 22 ］199Hg RIKEN 7.5×10-17［ 84 ］2×10-15［ 84 ］199Hg LNE-SYRTE 1.7×10-16［ 85 ］3.4×10-15［ 85 ］171Yb ECNU 1.27×10-16［ 86 ］- 171Yb APM - 4.6×10-16［ 87 ］87Sr NIM 7.2×10-18［ 88 ］1.18×10-15［ 88 ］87Sr NTSC 5.1×10-17［ 89 ］4.7×10-16［ 89 ］
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Guodong Zhao, Xiaotong Lu, Hong Chang. Research Progress of the Optical Frequency Standard[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(11): 1106003
Paper Information
Category: Fiber Optics and Optical Communications
Received: Dec. 5, 2022
Accepted: Jan. 6, 2023
Published Online: Jun. 14, 2023
The Author Email: Lu Xiaotong (luxiaotong@ntsc.ac.cn), Chang Hong (changhong@ntsc.ac.cn)
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