Autofocus Evaluation Algorithm for Nanoparticle Imaging

Luhan Wang; Yan Gong; Yanwei Zhang; Ruoqian Gao; Song Lang; Xuan Cao

doi:10.3788/LOP220892

Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, Volume. 60, Issue 4, 0410021(2023)

Autofocus Evaluation Algorithm for Nanoparticle Imaging

Luhan Wang^1,2, Yan Gong^2、*, Yanwei Zhang², Ruoqian Gao², Song Lang², and Xuan Cao³

¹Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

²Medical Optical Research Laboratory, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, Jiangsu, China

³School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, Jiangsu, China

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Figures & Tables(11)

Fig. 1. Flowchart of an autofocus evaluation algorithm for filtering and removing diffuse spots through connected domain labeling

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Fig. 2. Schematic of diffuse spots processed by the proposed algorithm. (a) Original image with bright diffuse spots; (b) binary image after threshold segmentation; (c) image after morphologically closing and opening process; (d) image after connected domain labeling to filter out the diffuse spots

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Fig. 3. Schematic of 50-step defocus sequence. (a)-(e) The second, fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth images

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Fig. 4. Normalized sharpness evaluation curve of 50-step defocus sequence

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Fig. 5. Normalized sharpness evaluation curve of 20-step defocus sequence

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Fig. 6. Schematic of 20-step defocus sequence. (a) The sixth image; (b) the seventh image

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Fig. 7. Normalized sharpness evaluation curve of 5-step defocus sequence

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Fig. 8. Image after autofocus by using the proposed algorithm

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Table 1. Performance index of 50-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
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Table 1. Performance index of 50-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
Evaluation function R E Unimodality Accuracy
Thispaper 25.798 0.047 √ √
Brenner 19.701 0.812 × √
Tenengrad 2.362 0.404 × √
Laplace 7.789 0.837 × ×
Vollaths 5.318 0.561 × ×
Variance 9.455 0.494 × ×

Table 2. Performance index of 20-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
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Table 2. Performance index of 20-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
Evaluation function R E Unimodality Accuracy
Thispaper 1969.016 0.014 √ √
Brenner 56.531 0.067 √ √
Tenengrad 4.732 0.435 × √
Laplace 74.068 0.041 √ ×
Vollaths 27.511 0.149 × √
Variance 17.122 0.168 × ×

Table 3. Performance index of 5-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
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Table 3. Performance index of 5-step defocus sequence evaluation curve
Evaluation function R E Unimodality Accuracy
Thispaper 14.421 - √ √
Brenner 2.691 - × √
Tenengrad 1.367 - √ ×
Laplace 5.068 - √ ×
Vollaths 2.236 - √ √
Variance 1.882 - × √

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Luhan Wang, Yan Gong, Yanwei Zhang, Ruoqian Gao, Song Lang, Xuan Cao. Autofocus Evaluation Algorithm for Nanoparticle Imaging[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(4): 0410021

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