Fig. 1. Overall workflow of a holistic dynamical–thermal–optical system analysis.

Fig. 2. Transforming the motion and deformation of a surface into a useful form for the ray tracing.

Fig. 3. Temperature and refraction index distribution within a lens. (a) Temperature distribution within a lens; (b) approximated refraction index within a lens using cylindrical polynomials.

Fig. 4. Optical system with thermal (red arrow) and mechanical (springs) excitation.

Fig. 5. Ray tracing and geometrical image simulation result for the undisturbed optical system.

Fig. 6. Results of the dynamical and the thermoelastic system analysis.

Fig. 7. Results of the ray tracing through the optical system with different distortions considered (colored rays) compared to the ideal ray paths in the undisturbed system (grey, dashed). (a) Ray tracing with the consideration of the dynamic distortions; (b) ray tracing with the consideration Δn_ϑ; (c) ray tracing with the consideration of the thermoelastic distortortions; (d) ray tracing with the consideration of dynamic and thermoelastic distortions.

Fig. 8. Ray path within the middle lens without the consideration of Δn_ϑ (grey, dashed) and with its consideration (red).

Fig. 9. Results of the geometrical image simulation with different distortions considered compared to the geometrical image simulation of the undisturbed system (grey). (a) Grey: no excitation blue: mechanical deformation; (b) grey: no excitation red: Δn_ϑ pink: Δn_ϑ, therm. deformation; (c) grey: no excitation violet: mechanical deformation, Δn_ϑ, thermal deformation.