[1] [1] American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures (2016).

[2] [2] Canadian Cancer Society, Special Topic?: Predictions of the Future Burden of Cancer in Canada (2016).

[3] [3] L. Tabár and P. B. Dean, “A new era in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer,” Breast J. 16(1), S2–S4 (2010).

[4] [4] H. D. Nelson, K. Tyne, A. Naik, C. Bougatsos, B. K. Chan, L. Humphrey, “Screening for breast cancer: Systematic evidence review update for the U. S. preventive services task force,” Ann. Intern. Med. 151(10), 716–726 (2009).

[5] [5] A. Berrington de González, S. Darby, “Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: Estimates for the UK and 14 other countries,” Lancet 363(9406), 345–351 (2004).

[6] [6] C. M. Ronckers, C. A. Erdmann, C. E. Land, “Radiation and breast cancer: A review of current evidence,” Breast Cancer Res. 7(1), 21–32 (2005).

[7] [7] A. Hassan and M. El-shenawee, “Review of electromagnetic techniques for breast cancer detection,” IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng. 4, 103–118 (2011).

[8] [8] J. Gonzalez, “Hand-held optical imager (Gen-2): Improved instrumentation and target detectability,” J. Biomed. Opt. 17(8), 81402 (2012).

[9] [9] T. Vo-dinh, Biomedical Photonics Handbook, CRC Press (2003).

[10] [10] S. A. Prahl, “Optical properties spectra,” http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra.

[11] [11] F. Bevilacqua, A. J. Berger, A. E. Cerussi, D. Jakubowski, B. J. Tromberg, “Broadband absorption spectroscopy in turbid media by combined frequency-domain and steady-state methods,” Appl. Opt. 39(34), 6498–6507 (2000).

[12] [12] P. Taroni, A. Pifferi, A. Torricelli, D. Comelli, R. Cubeddu, “In vivo absorption and scattering spectroscopy of biological tissues,” Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2(2), 124–129 (2003).

[13] [13] D. A. Boas, C. Pitris, N. Ramanujam, Handbook of Biomedical Optics, CRC Press (2011).

[14] [14] T. J. Farrell, “A diffusion theory model of spatially resolved, steady-state diffuse reflectance for the noninvasive determination of tissue optical properties in vivo,” Med. Phys. 19(4), 879 (1992).

[15] [15] S. L. Jacques, B. W. Pogue, “Tutorial on diffuse light transport,” J. Biomed. Opt. 13(4), 41302 (2008).

[16] [16] M. L. Flexman, H. K. Kim, R. Stoll, M. A. Khalil, C. J. Fong, A. H. Hielscher, “A wireless handheld probe with spectrally constrained evolution strategies for diffuse optical imaging of tissue,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83(3), 33108 (2012).

[17] [17] S. K. Biswas, K. Rajan, R. M. Vasu, “Diffuse optical tomographic imager using a single light source,” J. Appl. Phys. 105(2), 24702 (2009).

[18] [18] S. J. Erickson, A. Godavarty, S. L. Martinez, J. Gonzalez, A. Romero, M. Roman, A. Nunez, J. Ge, S. Regalado, R. Kiszonas, C. Lopez-Penalver, “Hand-Held Optical Devices for Breast Cancer: Spectroscopy and 3-D Tomographic Imaging,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 18(4), 1298–1312 (2012).

[19] [19] S. J. Erickson and A. Godavarty, “Hand-held based near-infrared optical imaging devices: A review.,” Med. Eng. Phys. 31(5), 495–509 (2009).

[20] [20] K. S. No, Q. Xie, R. Kwong, A. Cerussi, B. J. Tromberg, P. H. Chou, “HBS: A Handheld Breast Cancer detector based on frequency domain photon migration with full heterodyne,” 2006 IEEE Biomed. Circuits Syst. Conf., London, pp. 114–117 (2006).

[21] [21] H. Yang, L. Xi, S. Samuelson, H. Xie, L. Yang, H. Jiang, “Handheld miniature probe integrating diffuse optical tomography with photoacoustic imaging through a MEMS scanning mirror,” Biomed. Opt. Express 4(3), 427–432 (2013).

[22] [22] A. Cerussi, N. Shah, D. Hsiang, A. Durkin, J. Butler, B. J. Tromberg, “In vivo absorption, scattering, and physiologic properties of 58 malignant breast tumors determined by broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy,” J. Biomed. Opt. 11(4), 44005 (2012).

[23] [23] M. Shokoufi, F. Golnaraghi, “Development of a handheld diffuse optical breast cancer assessment probe,” J. Innov. Opt. Health Sci. 9(2), 1–10 (2015).

[24] [24] A. Godavarty, S. Rodriguez, Y.-J. Jung, S. Gonzalez, “Optical imaging for breast cancer prescreening,” Breast Cancer Targets Ther. 2015(7), 193–209 (2015).

[25] [25] Q. Zhu, S. Tannenbaum, S. Kurtzman, “Optical tomography with ultrasound localization for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring,” Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 16(2), 307–321 (2007).

[26] [26] T. J. Farrell, B. C. Wilson, M. S. Patterson, “The use of a neural network to determine tissue optical properties from spatially resolved diffuse reflectance measurements,” Phys. Med. Biol. 37(12), 2281–2286 (1992).

[27] [27] V. G. Peters, D. R. Wyman, M. S. Patterson, G. L. Frank, “Optical properties of normal and diseased human breast tissues in the visible and near infrared,” Phys. Med. Biol. 35(9), 1317–1334 (1990).

[28] [28] S. Fantini, A. Sassaroli, “Near-infrared optical mammography for breast cancer detection with intrinsic contrast,” Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40(2), 398–407 (2012).

[29] [29] R. Berg, S. Andersson-Engels, O. Jarlman, S. Svanbrg, “Time-gated viewing studies on tissue like phantoms,” Appl. Opt. 35(19), 3432–3440 (1996).

[30] [30] S. T. Flock, S. L. Jacques, B. C. Wilson, W. M. Star, M. J. C. Van Gemert, “Optical properties of intralipid: A phantom medium for light propagation studies,” Lasers Surg. Med. 12(5), 510–519 (1992).

[31] [31] S. B. Colak, M. B. van der Mark, G. W. t Hooft, J. H. Hoogenraad, E. S. van der Linden, F. a. Kuijpers, “Clinical optical tomography and NIR spectroscopy for breast cancer detection,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 5(4), 1143–1158 (1999).

[32] [32] H. J. van Staveren, C. J. Moes, J. van Marie, S. a Prahl, M. J. van Gemert, “Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm,” Appl. Opt. 30(31), 4507–4514 (1991).

[33] [33] “Biomimic Optical Phantoms,” http://www.ino.ca/en/products/.

[34] [34] M. Shokoufi, “Multi — modality breast cancer assessment tools using diffuse optical and electrical impedance spectroscopy,” Simon Fraser University (2016).