Fig. 1. Schematic of 3D imaging technique based on phase-shift fringe analysis

Fig. 2. Phase-shifting fringes and their phase errors affected by different noise sources using 3-step PSP. (a) Intensity noise; (b) nonlinearity effect; (c) binary defocus; (d) overexposure; (e) phase shifting error; (f) illumination fluctuation

Fig. 3. Classification of phase error compensation methods

Fig. 4. Results of intensity noise suppression methods. (a) Optimizing the SNR of fringe patterns^[16]; (b) changing the harmonic component of fringe patterns^[17]; (b) fringe denoising using CNN^[18]

Fig. 5. Nonlinear effect correction methods and their results. (a) Active method based on PDF^[30]; (b) active method based on SVR^[33];(c) passive method based on Hilbert transform^[9]; (d) passive method based on deep learning^[34]

Fig. 6. Classification of binary defocus error compensation methods

Fig. 7. Binary defocus error compensation methods and their results. (a) Improved OPWM method^[58]; (b) binary defocusing method using cylindrical lens^[59]; (c) passive defocusing method based on deep learning^[64]; (d) defocus error compensation method based on deep learning^[65]

Fig. 8. Classification of methods for high dynamic range measurement

Fig. 9. HDR measurement methods and their results. (a) Multi-exposure method^[73]; (b) HDR measurement using polarization device^[89]; (c) HDR measurement based on pattern encoding^[99]; (d) HDR measurement method based on deep learning^[100]

Fig. 10. Phase-shifting error correction methods and their results. (a) Motion error compensation method based on object tracking^[124]; (b) motion error compensation method based on 4-step PSP^[129]; (c) motion error compensation method based on deep learning^[132]; (d) FTP-assisted PSP-based motion error compensation method^[133]

Fig. 11. Results of illumination fluctuation error correction methods. (a) Iterative-based method^[140]; (b) method based on histogram of phase^[141]; (c) real-time error correction method^[142]; (d) deep learning-based method^[15]