Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the stereoscopic laser scanning system proposed by HE et al^[27]

Fig. 2. Polarized 3D imaging of transparent objects. (a) Polarization 3D imaging measurement process; (b) Schematic diagram of the normal vector; (c) The relationship between polarization degree and zenith angle of different refractive indices in polarized 3D imaging based on specular reflection; (d) The variation of light intensity information with the rotation angle of the polarizer

Fig. 3. Causes and phenomena of parasitic reflexes. (a) The process of parasitic reflex generation; (b) Ghost stripes

Fig. 4. The system and results by WANG et al^[91]. (a) Computer-aided optical deflectometric system; (b) Reconstruction results of front and rear surfaces of freeform refractive lens

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of various methods based on normal consistency constraints. (a) The method of QIAN et al^[102]; (b) The method of WU et al^[103]