Fig. 1. (Color online) Representative chemical applications of LIG. Adapted with permission from Ref. [22–24]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH, Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society, Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd respectively. Representative physical applications of LIG. Adapted with permission from Ref. [25–27]. Copyright 2020, The Royal Society of Chemistry. Copyright 2021, Hindawi. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society respectively.

Fig. 2. (Color online) (a) Theoretical simulation of LIG synthesis process and the influence of temperature and oxygen on LIG production. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (b) Comparison of hydrophilicity of LIG produced in air and N₂ atmosphere. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 3. (Color online) (a) Laser engraved carbonized patterns on Kevlar clothes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [5]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. (b) Temperature–strain hybrid sensor made by black phosphorus modified LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (c) High permeability stretch sensor based on elastic sponge. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 4. (Color online) Liquid-solid friction nanogenerator using super-hydrophobic fluorine-doped LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [20]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 5. (Color online) (a) Diagram of a three-electrode sweat UA and Tyr sensors. (b) The different oxidation peak height for the detection of UA and Tyr. (c) Detected signals in the raw sweat samples measured by different electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2020, Nature Research. (d−g) Schematic illustration, performance, and specificity of the AuNPs/LIG based immunosensor for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [58]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier Ltd.

Fig. 6. (Color online) (a−c) Schematic diagram of the C−Au−LIG fabrication process and related SEM images. (d) Representative CV curves of different biosensors in standard potassium ferricyanide solution. (e) Redox peak currents of LIG, Au−LIG, and C−Au−LIG after different periods of time in ambient environments. (f) Redox peak currents of LIG, Au−LIG, and C−Au−LIG in continuous usage. Adapted with permission from Ref. [23]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 7. (Color online) (a−c) SEM images and the areal specific capacitance of doping LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier Ltd. (d, e) Electrochemical performance of conductive MOF-derived LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [82]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (f) Illustration of customer-designed supercapacitors enabled by laser irradiation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [83]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (g) Gaussian beams were transformed into arbitrary geometric target beams by programming phase patterns for the synthesis of different SC. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2020, Nature Research.

Fig. 8. (Color online) (a) SEM image, (b) schematic illustration of Li diffusion path, and (c−e) electrochemical performances of a-LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd. (f) SEM images of Cu-LiFePO₄ full cell after 50 cycles with LI-SiO_x coating or not. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 9. (Color online) (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis and the electrochemical ORR and antifouling along with antimicrobial properties of S-LIG. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Preparation and (c, d) electrochemical performance of LIG-O. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [97]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (e) Schematic illustration of formation of MO-LIG from MC-PI film. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [98]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. (f) Photographs and SEM images of different MOF-derived LIG. (g) Comparation of overpotentials for 50 mA/cm². Reproduced with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 10. (Color online) (a−c) A full water-splitting device made by laser irradiation followed by electrodeposition and its performance. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. (d) Preparation and (e) CO₂RR performance of the CuSn-LIG catalysts. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.