Fig. 1. Volumetric histogram of CT volume with DICOM data

Fig. 2. Flowchart of proposed method

Fig. 3. Removal of spine and ribs

Fig. 4. Liver segmentation from initial slice

Fig. 5. Segmentation result. (a) Without location information; (b) with location information

Fig. 6. Constrains estimation. (a) Result of previous segmentation; (b) image to be segmented; (c) image of distance transformation

Fig. 7. Comparison of segmentation results. (a) Without neighborhood pixels; (b) with neighborhood pixels

Fig. 8. Removal of inferior vena cava. (a) Result of segmentation; (b) result of erosion; (c) region of postcava; (d) result of postcava removal

Fig. 9. Result comparison of HLS, IRG, and proposed methods. (a) Results of HLS; (b) results of IRG; (c) results of proposed method

Fig. 10. Performance comparison of three methods over 20 CT volumes. Horizontal axis is number of CT volume and vertical axis are values of 5 evaluation methods, respectively. (a) VOE; (b) RVD; (c) ASD; (d) RMSD; (e) MSD