Fig. 1. Electron excitation in materials

Fig. 2. Actual beam profileand spatial distributions of laser energy absorbed by transparent materials through two and three photon absorption^[38]

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of photo-induced-depolymerization

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of stimulated emission transition^[40-41]

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of photon-induced intermediate state inhibition^[27]

Fig. 6. Single-beam direct writing technology^[22,46]

Fig. 7. Continuous laser direct writing system^[50-51]

Fig. 8. Two-color dual-beam direct laser writing technology^[52]

Fig. 9. One-color dual-beam direct laser writing system^[24]

Fig. 10. Working mechanism of SLM^[54]

Fig. 11. Multi-focus direct laser writing system based on SLM^[54]

Fig. 12. Multi-focus direct laser writing system based on DMD^[61]

Fig. 13. Micro-nano array fabricated by laser interference technology^[63]

Fig. 14. Microlens fabricated by direct laser writing and corresponding applications^[69,72]

Fig. 15. Photonic crystal with near-infrared bandgap fabricated by direct laser writing^[74]

Fig. 16. The micro-nano structures fabricated by direct laser writing in osteoblasts culturing^[79-80]

Fig. 17. Microfluidic devices fabricated by femto-laser^[81,86]

Fig. 18. Applications of laser super-resolution technology in optical information storage^[90-91]

Fig. 19. Laser fabrication of functional surfaces and corresponding applications^[47-48]

Fig. 20. Application of laser nano-fabrication in biomimetic materials^[93-94]

Fig. 21. Laser fabrication in metamaterials^[96,98]