Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of experimental setup. Dynamic fragmentation was induced by a 3 ns-long driving laser, and the X-ray probe pulse was generated by the interaction between four 1 ns-long laser pulses and iron foil. IPs were used to record the XRD pattern. (b) Diagram of assembled targets used in the experiments. (c) AFM image of the tin’s free surface to show its roughness. (d) X-ray radiography of dynamic fragmentation in tin at a breakout pressure of 49 GPa and a delay time of 2 μs.

Fig. 2. In situ XRD results for dynamic fragmentation in tin. (a) and (b) Diffraction pattern and its azimuthal integration at a delay time of 1 μs and a breakout pressure of 15 GPa. (c) and (d) Diffraction pattern and its azimuthal integration at a delay time of 0.58 μs and a breakout pressure of 36 GPa. The static X-ray diffraction profiles of liquid tin at 530 and 930 K are plotted as red curves for comparison.

Fig. 3. Isentropic release temperature of shocked tin from Hugoniot states calculated using multiphase equations of state based on an automated calibrated modeling method.

Fig. 4. MD simulation results for tin under dynamic compression with square and triangular stress profiles. (a) and (b) Results at a breakout pressure of 15 GPa. (c) and (d) Results at a breakout pressure of 36 GPa. Dashed and solid lines represent the cases of square-wave and triangular-wave loading, respectively.