The massive waste carbon fibers in modern industry need to be recycled and reused. In this work, the effect of recycled carbon fibers (RCF) on the fluidity, mechanical property and electrical conductivity of high-strength cement-based material (HSCBM) was investigated using waste carbon fibers with the HSCBM. The results indicate that the incorporation of RCF reduces the fluidity of HSCBM, while the fluidity can be increased by 7.74% if RCF is modified by NaOH solution and HNO3 solution. Incorporating unmodified and modified RCF at different water-to-binder ratios can reduce the compressive strength of HSCBM. However, the flexural strength of HSCBM after modification of RCF with NaOH solution and HNO3 solution is improved, and the flexural strength of HSCBM can be increased by 30.61% and 24.46%, respectively. The RCF/HSCBM has no conductivity when the water-binder ratio is rather low (i.e., 0.20). When the water-binder ratio increases to 0.25, adding RCF can improve the conductivity of HSCBM, but its strength greatly reduces. After RCF is treated with NaOH solution and HNO3 solution, the conductivity of HSCBM is further improved. The 7 d and 28 d resistivity can be decreased by 81.41%?傆b82.23% and 94.88%?傆b96.15%, respectively, when the RCF amount reaches a percolation threshold (i.e., 0.6%). The research results can provide a new idea for the functional properties of HSCBM and RCF recycling.