High Power Laser Science and Engineering, Volume. 5, Issue 4, 04000e24(2017)
REACH compliant epoxides used in the synthesis of Fe(III)-based aerogel monoliths for target fabrication
Figures & Tables(11)
Fig. 1. SEMs showing the microstructure of Fe(III)-based aerogels created using nitrate salts, ethanol and the epoxides (a) PO; (b) EB; (c) TO.
Fig. 2. Fe (III)-based aerogel synthesized using PO (a) monolith, (b) SEM showing the larger clusters are made up of nanoparticles in the 70–100 nm range.
Fig. 3. SEM microstructure of cyclohexene oxide aerogel, created using chloride salt and methanol.
Fig. 4. SEM micrograph of an Fe (III)-based aerogel using iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and TO.
Fig. 5. Fe(III)-based aerogel monolith using iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and TO.
Fig. 6. Comparison between EB Fe(III)-based aerogels with different ratios of epoxide to 0.808 g of iron nitrate salt. (a) 2 and (b) 3 mL.
Table 1. Example formulation used for formation of Fe(III)-based aerogels.
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Example formulation used for formation of Fe(III)-based aerogels.
Reactants Quantity Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate 0.541 g Ethanol 5 mL TO 1.431 mL Water 0.108 mL
Table 2. Average density, pore size and particle size for each epoxides used.
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Average density, pore size and particle size for each epoxides used.
Epoxide Average Average Average density pore size particle size [nm] [nm] PO 118 N/A 70 EB 97 109 57 TO 86 179 62 Cyclohexane oxide * 101 45 33
Table 3. Average Gelation times for epoxides used across the breath of salts used.
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Average Gelation times for epoxides used across the breath of salts used.
Epoxide Average gelation time [min] PO 0.3 EB 3 TO 30 Cyclohexene oxide 900
Table 4. Ratio of ethanol solvent used in epoxide/salt solution during EB synthesis of Fe(III)-based aerogel.
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Ratio of ethanol solvent used in epoxide/salt solution during EB synthesis of Fe(III)-based aerogel.
Solvent ratio Epoxide/Salt solution Quality of gel 80/20 Poor – Monoliths with severe fractures and falling apart into powder 60/40 Poor – Monoliths with severe fractures and falling apart into powder 50/50 Poor – Monoliths with severe fractures and falling apart into powder 40/60 Very good – Monoliths without fractures 20/80 Good – Monoliths with minor fractures 0/100 Poor — mainly powder with several shards of aerogel
Table 5. EB Fe (III)-based aerogels gelation time and gel quality comparison.
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. EB Fe (III)-based aerogels gelation time and gel quality comparison.
Amount of epoxide Gel quality Gelation time (mL) (min) 1 Poor – mainly powder with several shards of aerogel 30 2 Poor – Monoliths with severe fractures and falling apart into powder 5 3 Very good – Monoliths without fractures 1
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Alberto Valls Arrufat, Magdalena Budziszewska, Clement Lopez, Aymeric Nguyen, Jakub Sitek, Paul Jones, Chris Shaw, Ian Hayes, Gareth Cairns, Glenn Leighton. REACH compliant epoxides used in the synthesis of Fe(III)-based aerogel monoliths for target fabrication[J]. High Power Laser Science and Engineering, 2017, 5(4): 04000e24
Paper Information
Special Issue: TARGET FABRICATION
Received: Nov. 7, 2016
Accepted: Aug. 22, 2017
Published Online: Nov. 21, 2018
The Author Email: Glenn Leighton (g.j.t.leighton@cranfield.ac.uk)
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