[1] [1] Parida B, Iniyan S and Goic R 2011 A review of solar photovoltaic technologies Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.15 1625–36

[2] [2] Yang T, Chen W, Zhou K L and Ren M L 2018 Regional energy efficiency evaluation in China: a super efficiency slack-based measure model with undesirable outputs J. Clean. Prod.198 859–66

[3] [3] Kamarulzaman A, Hasanuzzaman M and Rahim N A 2021 Global advancement of solar drying technologies and its future prospects: a review Sol. Energy221 559–82

[4] [4] Colelli F P, Emmerling J, Marangoni G, Mistry M N and De Cian E 2022 Increased energy use for adaptation significantly impacts mitigation pathways Nat. Commun.13 4964

[5] [5] Parker R W R, Blanchard J L, Gardner C, Green B S, Hartmann K, Tyedmers P H and Watson R A 2018 Fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions of world fisheries Nat. Clim. Change8 333–7

[6] [6] Eskander S M S U and Fankhauser S 2020 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from national climate legislation Nat. Clim. Change10 750–6

[7] [7] Udeagha M C and Muchapondwa E 2023 Striving for the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs) in BRICS economies: the role of green finance, fintech, and natural resource rent Sustain. Dev.31 3657–72

[8] [8] Hassan A, Ilyas S Z, Jalil A and Ullah Z 2021 Monetization of the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.28 21204–11

[9] [9] Morss R E, Wilhelmi O V, Meehl G A and Dilling L 2011 Improving societal outcomes of extreme weather in a changing climate: an integrated perspective Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour.36 1–25

[10] [10] Manisalidis I, Stavropoulou E, Stavropoulos A and Bezirtzoglou E 2020 Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review Front. Public Health8 14

[11] [11] Proskuryakova L 2018 Updating energy security and environmental policy: energy security theories revisited J. Environ. Manage.223 203–14

[12] [12] Chen F Z, Duic N, Alves L M and Da Graa Carvalho M 2007 Renewislands—renewable energy solutions for islands Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.11 1888–902

[13] [13] Marti L and Puertas R 2022 Sustainable energy development analysis: energy trilemma Sustain. Technol. Entrep.1 100007

[14] [14] Fang Y, Tang T Y, Li Y F, Hou C, Wen F, Yang Z, Chen T, Sun L N, Liu H C and Lee C 2021 A high-performance triboelectric-electromagnetic hybrid wind energy harvester based on rotational tapered rollers aiming at outdoor IoT applications iScience24 102300

[15] [15] Liu S C, Liu X, Zhou G L, Qin F X, Jing M X, Li L, Song W L and Sun Z Z 2020 A high-efficiency bioinspired photoelectric-electromechanical integrated nanogenerator Nat. Commun.11 6158

[16] [16] Salter S H 1974 Wave power Nature249 720–4

[17] [17] Barnier B, Domina A, Gulev S, Molines J M, Maitre T, Penduff T, Le Sommer J, Brasseur P, Brodeau L and Colombo P 2020 Modelling the impact of flow-driven turbine power plants on great wind-driven ocean currents and the assessment of their energy potential Nat. Energy5 240–9

[18] [18] Hu H K, Xue W D, Jiang P and Li Y 2022 Bibliometric analysis for ocean renewable energy: an comprehensive review for hotspots, frontiers, and emerging trends Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.167 112739

[19] [19] Ellabban O, Abu-Rub H and Blaabjerg F 2014 Renewable energy resources: current status, future prospects and their enabling technology Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.39 748–64

[20] [20] Henfridsson U, Neimane V, Strand K, Kapper R, Bernhoff H, Danielsson O, Leijon M, Sundberg J, Thorburn K and Ericsson E 2007 Wave energy potential in the Baltic Sea and the Danish part of the North Sea, with reflections on the Skagerrak Renew. Energy32 2069–84

[21] [21] Lpez I, Andreu J, Ceballos S, Alegra I M D and Kortabarria I 2013 Review of wave energy technologies and the necessary power-equipment Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.27 413–34

[22] [22] De O. Falco A F 2010 Wave energy utilization: a review of the technologies Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.14 899–918

[23] [23] Langhamer O, Haikonen K and Sundberg J 2010 Wave power—sustainable energy or environmentally costly? A review with special emphasis on linear wave energy converters Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.14 1329–35

[24] [24] Gteman M, Giassi M, Engstrm J and Isberg J 2020 Advances and challenges in wave energy park optimization—a review Front. Energy Res.8 26

[25] [25] Iglesias G, Lpez M, Carballo R, Castro A, Fraguela J A and Frigaard P 2009 Wave energy potential in Galicia (NW Spain) Renew. Energy34 2323–33

[26] [26] McCabe A P, Bradshaw A, Meadowcroft J A C and Aggidis G 2006 Developments in the design of the PS Frog Mk 5 wave energy converter Renew. Energy31 141–51

[27] [27] Zhang Y X, Zhao Y J, Sun W and Li J X 2021 Ocean wave energy converters: technical principle, device realization, and performance evaluation Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.141 110764

[28] [28] Zhu C Q et al 2023 Highly integrated triboelectric-electromagnetic wave energy harvester toward self-powered marine Buoy Adv. Energy Mater.13 2301665

[29] [29] Rhinefrank K et al 2006 Novel ocean energy permanent magnet linear generator buoy Renew. Energy31 1279–98

[30] [30] Fan F R, Tian Z Q and Wang Z L 2012 Flexible triboelectric generator Nano Energy1 328–34

[31] [31] Wang Z L 2017 Catch wave power in floating nets Nature542 159–60

[32] [32] Yang Y, Zhang H L, Liu R Y, Wen X N, Hou T C and Wang Z L 2013 Fully enclosed triboelectric nanogenerators for applications in water and harsh environments Adv. Energy Mater.3 1563–8

[33] [33] Wu S S, Yang J H, Wang Y F, Liu B, Xiong Y, Jiao H S, Liu Y, Bao R R, Wang Z L and Sun Q J 2023 UFO-shaped integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting Adv. Sustain. Syst.7 2300135

[34] [34] Wang Y Z, Nazar A M, Wang J J, Xia K Q, Wang D L, Ji X S and Jiao P C 2021 Rolling spherical triboelectric nanogenerators (RS-TENG) under low-frequency ocean wave action J. Mar. Sci. Eng.10 5

[35] [35] Lone S A, Lim K C, Kaswan K, Chatterjee S, Fan K P, Choi D, Lee S, Zhang H L, Cheng J and Lin Z H 2022 Recent advancements for improving the performance of triboelectric nanogenerator devices Nano Energy99 107318

[36] [36] Wang X F, Niu S M, Yin Y J, Yi F, You Z and Wang Z L 2015 Triboelectric nanogenerator based on fully enclosed rolling spherical structure for harvesting low-frequency water wave energy Adv. Energy Mater.5 1501467

[37] [37] Gao W C, Shao J J, Sagoe-Crentsil K and Duan W H 2021 Investigation on energy efficiency of rolling triboelectric nanogenerator using cylinder-cylindrical shell dynamic model Nano Energy80 105583

[38] [38] Yang W Z, Zhao T C, Zhou S N, Niu B, Tang C X, Yan J J, Hu C and Ma Y 2024 Experimental studies on particle dampers with energy harvesting characteristics J. Vib. Eng. Technol.12 2571–83

[39] [39] Chen J et al 2015 Networks of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting water wave energy: a potential approach toward blue energy ACS Nano9 3324–31

[40] [40] Liang X, Jiang T, Feng Y W, Lu P J, An J and Wang Z L 2020 Triboelectric nanogenerator network integrated with charge excitation circuit for effective water wave energy harvesting Adv. Energy Mater.10 2002123

[41] [41] Feng Y W, Han J J, Xu M J, Liang X, Jiang T, Li H X and Wang Z L 2022 Blue energy for green hydrogen fuel: a self-powered electrochemical conversion system driven by triboelectric nanogenerators Adv. Energy Mater.12 2103143

[42] [42] Zhang C G, Zhang B F, Yuan W, Yang O, Liu Y B, He L X, Zhao Z H, Zhou L L, Wang J and Wang Z L 2022 Seawater-based triboelectric nanogenerators for marine anticorrosion ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces14 8605–12

[43] [43] Zhou L L, Liu L, Qiao W Y, Gao Y K, Zhao Z H, Liu D, Bian Z F, Wang J and Wang Z L 2021 Improving degradation efficiency of organic pollutants through a self-powered alternating current electrocoagulation system ACS Nano15 19684–91

[44] [44] Li X Y, Xu L and Wang Z L 2024 Networking strategies of triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting ocean blue energy Nanoenergy Adv.4 70–96

[45] [45] Wang W L, Yang D F, Yan X R, Wang L C, Hu H and Wang K 2023 Triboelectric nanogenerators: the beginning of blue dream Front. Chem. Sci. Eng.17 635–78

[46] [46] Dip T M, Arin M R A, Anik H R, Uddin M M, Tushar S I, Sayam A and Sharma S 2023 Triboelectric nanogenerators for marine applications: recent advances in energy harvesting, monitoring, and self-powered equipment Adv. Mater. Technol.8 2300802

[47] [47] Jiang Y, Liang X, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2024 Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy harvesting and marine environmental monitoring Engineering33 204–24

[48] [48] Zhang C, Zhao J Q, Zhang Z, Bu T Z, Liu G X and Fu X P 2023 Tribotronics: an emerging field by coupling triboelectricity and semiconductors Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.5 042002

[49] [49] Shi Q F, Sun Z D, Zhang Z X and Lee C 2021 Triboelectric nanogenerators and hybridized systems for enabling next-generation IoT applications Research2021 6849171

[50] [50] Wu M W, Zhu C Q, Liu X T, Wang H, Si J C, Xu M Y and Mi J C 2024 Recent advances in nanogenerators driven by flow-induced vibrations for harvesting energy Mater. Today Energy41 101529

[51] [51] Li Y M, Liu X, Ren Z W, Luo J J, Zhang C, Cao C Y, Yuan H and Pang Y K 2024 Marine biomaterial-based triboelectric nanogenerators: insights and applications Nano Energy119 109046

[52] [52] Yan J, Mei N, Zhang D P, Zhong Y H and Wang C 2022 Review of wave power system development and research on triboelectric nano power systems Front. Energy Res.10 966567

[53] [53] Zhang C G, Hao Y J, Yang J Y, Su W, Zhang H K, Wang J, Wang Z L and Li X H 2023 Recent advances in triboelectric nanogenerators for marine exploitation Adv. Energy Mater.13 2300387

[54] [54] Zhai H, Ding S, Chen X Y, Wu Y C and Wang Z L 2023 Advances in solid–solid contacting triboelectric nanogenerator for ocean energy harvesting Mater. Today65 166–88

[55] [55] Chen G Y, Xu L, Zhang P P, Chen B D, Wang G X, Ji J H, Pu X and Wang Z L 2020 Seawater degradable triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy Adv. Mater. Technol.5 2000455

[56] [56] Wen X N, Yang W Q, Jing Q S and Wang Z L 2014 Harvesting broadband kinetic impact energy from mechanical triggering/vibration and water waves ACS Nano8 7405–12

[57] [57] Jiang T, Yao Y Y, Xu L, Zhang L M, Xiao T X and Wang Z L 2017 Spring-assisted triboelectric nanogenerator for efficiently harvesting water wave energy Nano Energy31 560–7

[58] [58] Xu M Y, Zhao T C, Wang C, Zhang S L, Li Z, Pan X X and Wang Z L 2019 High power density tower-like triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting arbitrary directional water wave energy ACS Nano13 1932–9

[59] [59] Zhang Z Y, Hu Z Y, Wang Y, Wang Y W, Zhang Q Q, Liu D H, Wang H and Xu M Y 2022 Multi-tunnel triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging mechanical energy in marine floating bodies J. Mar. Sci. Eng.10 455

[60] [60] Chen X W, Bao G W, Xie S X, Qin X H and Wang J Q 2023 A self-powered wide-range ocean-wave sensor enabled by triboelectric nanogenerators embedded with overrunning clutches Nano Energy115 108685

[61] [61] Zhang W, He W C, Dai S G, Ma F X, Lin P, Sun J L, Dong L and Hu C G 2023 Wave energy harvesting based on multilayer beads integrated spherical TENG with switch triggered instant discharging for self-powered hydrogen generation Nano Energy111 108432

[62] [62] Wang H et al 2021 Sandwich-like triboelectric nanogenerators integrated self-powered buoy for navigation safety Nano Energy84 105920

[63] [63] Jiang Q W, Jie Y, Han Y, Gao C Z, Zhu H R, Willander M, Zhang X J and Cao X 2015 Self-powered electrochemical water treatment system for sterilization and algae removal using water wave energy Nano Energy18 81–88

[64] [64] Guo H Y, Yeh M H, Zi Y L, Wen Z, Chen J, Liu G L, Hu C G and Wang Z L 2017 Ultralight cut-paper-based self-charging power unit for self-powered portable electronic and medical systems ACS Nano11 4475–82

[65] [65] Wang Z L and Wang A C 2019 On the origin of contact-electrification Mater. Today30 34–51

[66] [66] Xu C et al 2018 On the electron-transfer mechanism in the contact-electrification effect Adv. Mater.30 1706790

[67] [67] Luo J J and Wang Z L 2020 Recent progress of triboelectric nanogenerators: from fundamental theory to practical applications EcoMat2 e12059

[68] [68] Wang X Y, Zhu C Q, Wu M W, Zhang J L, Chen P F, Chen H, Jia C X, Liang X and Xu M Y 2022 A novel flow sensing and controlling system based on the flapping film triboelectric nanogenerator toward smart factories Sens. Actuators A 344 113727

[69] [69] Guo X Y et al 2024 Boosting free-rotating disk triboelectric nanogenerator through alcohol-soluble nylon film, preventing air breakdown ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.6 376–85

[70] [70] Zhao Z Q et al 2022 An array of flag-type triboelectric nanogenerators for harvesting wind energy Nanomaterials12 721

[71] [71] Wang Y, Yang E, Chen T Y, Wang J Y, Hu Z Y, Mi J C, Pan X X and Xu M Y 2020 A novel humidity resisting and wind direction adapting flag-type triboelectric nanogenerator for wind energy harvesting and speed sensing Nano Energy78 105279

[72] [72] Zou Y J et al 2022 A high-performance flag-type triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging wind energy toward self-powered IoTs Materials15 3696

[73] [73] Wang Y et al 2021 An underwater flag-like triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting ocean current energy under extremely low velocity condition Nano Energy90 106503

[74] [74] Zhang H, Huang Y Z, Du X R, Yang Y Q, Li S Q, Fan D Y, Xiao X, Mutsuda H and Jiao P C 2024 Self-powered and self-sensing blue carbon ecosystems by hybrid fur triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENG) Nano Energy119 109091

[75] [75] Wu M W, Zhu C Q, Si J C, Wang H, Xu M Y and Mi J C 2023 Recent progress in flow energy harvesting and sensing based on triboelectric nanogenerators Adv. Mater. Technol.8 2300919

[76] [76] Wang X Y, Chen L T, Xu Z Q, Chen P F, Ye C Y, Chen B D, Jiang T, Hong Z Y and Wang Z L 2023 High-durability stacked disc-type rolling triboelectric nanogenerators for environmental monitoring around charging buoys of unmanned ships Small20 2310809

[77] [77] Liang X, Liu S J, Lin S Q, Yang H B, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2023 Liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator arrays based on dynamic electric-double-layer for harvesting water wave energy Adv. Energy Mater.13 2300571

[78] [78] Hu Y C, Qiu H J, Sun Q J, Wang Z L and Xu L 2023 Wheel-structured triboelectric nanogenerators with hyperelastic networking for high-performance wave energy harvesting Small Methods7 2300582

[79] [79] Lian Z H et al 2022 A cantilever beam-based triboelectric nanogenerator as a drill pipe transverse vibration energy harvester powering intelligent exploitation system Sensors22 4287

[80] [80] Yu H Y et al 2023 High performance additional mass enhanced film structure triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging vibration energy in broadband frequency range Nano Energy107 108182

[81] [81] Li X W, Zhou Y, Li Z J, Guo H Y, Gong Y, Zhang D, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Wang B and Peng Y 2023 Vortex-induced vibration triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting from low-frequency water flow Energy Convers. Manage.292 117383

[82] [82] Feng T X, Ling D, Li C Y, Zheng W T, Zhang S C, Li C, Emel'yanov A, Pozdnyakov A S, Lu L J and Mao Y C 2024 Stretchable on-skin touchless screen sensor enabled by ionic hydrogel Nano Res.17 4462–70

[83] [83] Zhu P C et al 2024 Soft multifunctional neurological electronic skin through intrinsically stretchable synaptic transistor Nano Res.17 6550–9

[84] [84] Demircioglu O, Cicek M O, Doganay D, Gazaloglu G, Baykal C, Cinar S and Unalan H E 2023 Triboelectric nanogenerators for blue energy harvesting in simulated wave conditions Nano Energy107 108157

[85] [85] Xia K, Xu Z, Hong Y and Wang L 2023 A free-floating structure triboelectric nanogenerator based on natural wool ball for offshore wind turbine environmental monitoring Mater. Today Sustain.24 100467

[86] [86] Wang Y, Liu X Y, Wang Y W, Wang H, Wang H, Zhang S L, Zhao T C, Xu M Y and Wang Z L 2021 Flexible seaweed-like triboelectric nanogenerator as a wave energy harvester powering marine internet of things ACS Nano15 15700–9

[87] [87] Saqib Q M, Chougale M Y, Khan M U, Shaukat R A, Kim J, Bae J, Lee H W, Park J I, Kim M S and Lee B G 2021 Natural seagrass tribopositive material based spray coatable triboelectric nanogenerator Nano Energy89 106458

[88] [88] Wang D Y, Zhang D Z, Tang M C, Zhang H, Sun T H, Yang C Q, Mao R Y, Li K S and Wang J H 2022 Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene/hydrogel-based liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerator driven self-powered MXene-based sensor system for marine environmental monitoring Nano Energy100 107509

[89] [89] Xu H, Wang X T, Nan Y B, Zhou H, Wu Y, Wang M X, Liu W L, Duan J Z, Huang Y L and Hou B R 2023 Flexible sponge-based nanogenerator for energy harvesting from land and water transportation Adv. Funct. Mater.33 2304723

[90] [90] Bemmelen J M 1907 Der hydrogel und das kristallinische hydrat des kupferoxydes Z. Anorg. Chem.5 466

[91] [91] Ullah F, Othman M B H, Javed F, Ahmad Z and Akil H M 2015 Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: a review Mater. Sci. Eng. C 57 414–33

[92] [92] VahidMohammadi A, Rosen J and Gogotsi Y 2021 The world of two-dimensional carbides and nitrides (MXenes) Science372 eabf1581

[93] [93] Davies D K 1969 Charge generation on dielectric surfaces J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.2 1533–7

[94] [94] Liu S L, Tong W S, Gao C X, Liu Y L, Li X N and Zhang Y H 2023 Environmentally friendly natural materials for triboelectric nanogenerators: a review J. Mater. Chem. A 11 9270–99

[95] [95] Pal A, Ganguly A, Wei P H, Barman S R, Chang C C and Lin Z H 2024 Construction of triboelectric series and chirality detection of amino acids using triboelectric nanogenerator Adv. Sci.11 2307266

[96] [96] Tao X L et al 2023 Large and tunable ranking shift in triboelectric series of polymers by introducing phthalazinone moieties Small Methods7 2201593

[97] [97] Zou H Y et al 2019 Quantifying the triboelectric series Nat. Commun.10 1427

[98] [98] Chen Q, Shang H F, Cheng B X, Lu C Z, Wang Y H, Zhang Y and Shao T M 2024 Quantifying triboelectric series of polymers based on the measurement of triboelectrification with NaCl solution Chem. Eng. J.488 150871

[99] [99] Yuan Z Q, Wang C F, Xi J G, Han X, Li J, Han S-T, Gao W and Pan C 2021 Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator with dense point contacts for harvesting multidirectional water wave and vibration energy ACS Energy Lett.6 2809–16

[100] [100] Ouyang R, Huang Y, Ye H T, Zhang Z J and Xue H 2022 Copper particles-PTFE tube based triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting Nano Energy102 107749

[101] [101] Cheng P et al 2019 Largely enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient harvesting of water wave energy by soft contacted structure Nano Energy57 432–9

[102] [102] Xia K Q, Fu J M and Xu Z W 2020 Multiple-frequency high-output triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water balloon for all-weather water wave energy harvesting Adv. Energy Mater.10 2000426

[103] [103] Luo Y Z, Li B Y, Mo L H, Ye Z C, Shen H N, Lu Y and Li S F 2022 Nanofiber-enhanced “lucky-bag” triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient wave energy harvesting by soft-contact structure Nanomaterials12 2792

[104] [104] Chen H M, Wang J and Ning A F 2021 Optimization of a rolling triboelectric nanogenerator based on the nano–micro structure for ocean environmental monitoring ACS Omega6 21059–65

[105] [105] Chau N M, Le T H, La T T H and Bui V T 2023 Industrially compatible production of customizable honeycomb-patterned poly(vinyl chloride) using food-wrapping waste for power-boosting triboelectric nanogenerator and ocean wave energy harvester J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices8 100637

[106] [106] Lin Z M, Zhang B B, Xie Y Y, Wu Z Y, Yang J and Wang Z L 2021 Elastic-connection and soft-contact triboelectric nanogenerator with superior durability and efficiency Adv. Funct. Mater.31 2105237

[107] [107] Zhou Z K et al 2024 Enhancing the output of liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerators through surface roughness optimization ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces16 4763–71

[108] [108] Wang Y F, Guo H Y, Liao J Q, Qin Y Y, Ali A and Li C Z 2023 Solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator based on curvature effect for harvesting mechanical and wave energy Chem. Eng. J.476 146571

[109] [109] Lin Z M, Zhang B B, Guo H Y, Wu Z Y, Zou H Y, Yang J and Wang Z L 2019 Super-robust and frequency-multiplied triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient harvesting water and wind energy Nano Energy64 103908

[110] [110] Li S, Jiang J X, Zhai N N, Liu J Y, Feng K, Chen Y F, Wen Z, Sun X H and Zhong J 2022 A half-wave rectifying triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered water splitting towards hydrogen production Nano Energy93 106870

[111] [111] Wu H, Wang Z K and Zi Y L 2021 Multi-mode water-tube-based triboelectric nanogenerator designed for low-frequency energy harvesting with ultrahigh volumetric charge density Adv. Energy Mater.11 2100038

[112] [112] Sun W X, Zheng Y B, Li T H, Feng M, Cui S W, Liu Y P, Chen S G and Wang D A 2021 Liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators array and its applications for wave energy harvesting and self-powered cathodic protection Energy217 119388

[113] [113] Wei X L, Zhao Z H, Zhang C G, Yuan W, Wu Z Y, Wang J and Wang Z L 2021 All-weather droplet-based triboelectric nanogenerator for wave energy harvesting ACS Nano15 13200–8

[114] [114] Dai S S, Chai Y C, Liu H X, Yu D, Wang K Y, Kong F K and Chen H L 2023 Experimental study of high performance mercury-based triboelectric nanogenerator for low-frequency wave energy harvesting Nano Energy115 108728

[115] [115] Zhang L M, Han C B, Jiang T, Zhou T, Li X H, Zhang C and Wang Z L 2016 Multilayer wavy-structured robust triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting water wave energy Nano Energy22 87–94

[116] [116] Xu L, Pang Y K, Zhang C, Jiang T, Chen X Y, Luo J J, Tang W, Cao X and Wang Z L 2017 Integrated triboelectric nanogenerator array based on air-driven membrane structures for water wave energy harvesting Nano Energy31 351–8

[117] [117] Tao K et al 2020 Origami-inspired electret-based triboelectric generator for biomechanical and ocean wave energy harvesting Nano Energy67 104197

[118] [118] Tripathy R R, Sahoo R, Mishra S, Das B, Balasubramaniam S and Ramadoss A 2023 Fabrication and feasibility study of polymer-based triboelectric nanogenerator towards blue energy harvesting Green Energy Resour.1 100006

[119] [119] Ding Z D, Tian Z J, Ji X X, Wang D X, Ci X, Shao X J and Rojas O J 2023 Cellulose-based superhydrophobic wrinkled paper and electrospinning film as green tribolayer for water wave energy harvesting Int. J. Biol. Macromol.234 122903

[120] [120] Zhang C Y, Zhang W L, Du G L, Fu Q, Mo J L and Nie S X 2023 Superhydrophobic cellulosic triboelectric materials for distributed energy harvesting Chem. Eng. J.452 139259

[121] [121] Yang H M, Fan F R, Xi Y and Wu W Z 2020 Bio-derived natural materials based triboelectric devices for self-powered ubiquitous wearable and implantable intelligent devices Adv. Sustain. Syst.4 2000108

[122] [122] Su Z P, Yang Y, Huang Q B, Chen R W, Ge W J, Fang Z Q, Huang F and Wang X H 2022 Designed biomass materials for “green” electronics: a review of materials, fabrications, devices, and perspectives Prog. Mater. Sci.125 100917

[123] [123] Haghayegh M, Cao R, Zabihi F, Bagherzadeh R, Yang S Y and Zhu M F 2022 Recent advances in stretchable, wearable and bio-compatible triboelectric nanogenerators J. Mater. Chem. C 10 11439–71

[124] [124] Pang Y K, Xi F B, Luo J J, Liu G X, Guo T and Zhang C 2018 An alginate film-based degradable triboelectric nanogenerator RSC Adv.8 6719–26

[125] [125] Wang B Q, Wu Y, Liu Y, Zheng Y B, Liu Y, Xu C G, Kong X, Feng Y G, Zhang X L and Wang D A 2020 New hydrophobic organic coating based triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient and stable hydropower harvesting ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces12 31351–9

[126] [126] Zaw N Y W, Yun J, Goh T S, Kim I, Kim Y, Lee J S and Kim D 2022 All-polymer waterproof triboelectric nanogenerator towards blue energy harvesting and self-powered human motion detection Energy247 123422

[127] [127] Ahn J et al 2022 All-recyclable triboelectric nanogenerator for sustainable ocean monitoring systems Adv. Energy Mater.12 2201341

[128] [128] Miao X, Yang H X, Li Z K, Cheng M F, Zhao Y L, Wan L Y, Yu A F and Zhai J Y 2024 A columnar multi-layer sliding triboelectric nanogenerator for water wave energy harvesting independent of wave height and direction Nano Res.17 3029–34

[129] [129] Li W T, Wan L Y, Lin Y, Liu G L, Qu H, Wen H G, Ding J J, Ning H and Yao H L 2022 Synchronous nanogenerator with intermittent sliding friction self-excitation for water wave energy harvesting Nano Energy95 106994

[130] [130] Cai N X, Sun P and Jiang S H 2021 Rapid prototyping and customizable multifunctional structures: 3D-printing technology promotes the rapid development of TENGs J. Mater. Chem. A 9 16255–80

[131] [131] Jing Z X, Zhang J C, Wang J L, Zhu M K, Wang X X, Cheng T H, Zhu J Y and Wang Z L 2022 3D fully-enclosed triboelectric nanogenerator with bionic fish-like structure for harvesting hydrokinetic energy Nano Res.15 5098–104

[132] [132] Xi F B, Pang Y K, Liu G X, Wang S W, Li W, Zhang C and Wang Z L 2019 Self-powered intelligent buoy system by water wave energy for sustainable and autonomous wireless sensing and data transmission Nano Energy61 1–9

[133] [133] Li Y H, Guo Z T, Zhao Z H, Gao Y K, Yang P Y, Qiao W Y, Zhou L L, Wang J and Wang Z L 2023 Multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerator incorporated with self-charge excitation for efficient water wave energy harvesting Appl. Energy336 120792

[134] [134] Zhong W, Xu L, Yang X D, Tang W, Shao J J, Chen B D and Wang Z L 2019 Open-book-like triboelectric nanogenerators based on low-frequency roll–swing oscillators for wave energy harvesting Nanoscale11 7199–208

[135] [135] Yuan W, Zhang B F, Zhang C G, Yang O, Liu Y B, He L X, Zhou L L, Zhao Z H, Wang J and Wang Z L 2022 Anaconda-shaped spiral multi-layered triboelectric nanogenerators with ultra-high space efficiency for wave energy harvesting One Earth5 1055–63

[136] [136] Wen H G, Yang P Y, Liu G L, Xu S X, Yao H L, Li W T, Qu H, Ding J J, Li J Y and Wan L Y 2022 Flower-like triboelectric nanogenerator for blue energy harvesting with six degrees of freedom Nano Energy93 106796

[137] [137] Li H H, Liang C J, Ning H, Liu J Q, Zheng C Y, Li J Y, Yao H L, Peng Y, Wan L Y and Liu G L 2022 O-ring-modularized triboelectric nanogenerator for robust blue energy harvesting in all-sea areas Nano Energy103 107812

[138] [138] Feng J R, Zhou H L, Cao Z, Zhang E Y, Xu S X, Li W T, Yao H L, Wan L Y and Liu G L 2022 0.5 m triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient blue energy harvesting of all-sea areas Adv. Sci.9 2204407

[139] [139] Yang X D, Xu L, Lin P, Zhong W, Bai Y, Luo J J, Chen J and Wang Z L 2019 Macroscopic self-assembly network of encapsulated high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for water wave energy harvesting Nano Energy60 404–12

[140] [140] Liu L Q, Yang X L, Zhao L L, Hong H X, Cui H, Duan J L, Yang Q M and Tang Q W 2021 Nodding duck structure multi-track directional freestanding triboelectric nanogenerator toward low-frequency ocean wave energy harvesting ACS Nano15 9412–21

[141] [141] Wang H, Zhu C Q, Wang W C, Xu R J, Chen P E, Du T L, Xue T X, Wang Z Y and Xu M Y 2022 A stackable triboelectric nanogenerator for wave-driven marine buoys Nanomaterials12 594

[142] [142] Ying Q Y, Wu J Y and Liu C 2024 Multi-track triboelectric nanogenerator toward omnidirectional ocean wave energy harvesting Adv. Mater. Technol.9 2301824

[143] [143] Duan Y X, Xu H X, Liu S J, Chen P F, Wang X Y, Xu L, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2023 Scalable rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerator with high power density for water wave energy harvesting toward marine environmental monitoring Nano Res.16 11646–52

[144] [144] Xiao T X, Liang X, Jiang T, Xu L, Shao J J, Nie J H, Bai Y, Zhong W and Wang Z L 2018 Spherical triboelectric nanogenerators based on spring-assisted multilayered structure for efficient water wave energy harvesting Adv. Funct. Mater.28 1802634

[145] [145] Lei R, Zhai H, Nie J H, Zhong W, Bai Y, Liang X, Xu L, Jiang T, Chen X Y and Wang Z L 2019 Butterfly-inspired triboelectric nanogenerators with spring-assisted linkage structure for water wave energy harvesting Adv. Mater. Technol.4 1800514

[146] [146] Liang X, Jiang T, Liu G X, Feng Y W, Zhang C and Wang Z L 2020 Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator integrated with power management module for harvesting multidirectional water wave energy Energy Environ. Sci.13 277–85

[147] [147] Liang X, Liu Z R, Feng Y W, Han J J, Li L L, An J, Chen P F, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2021 Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator based on spring-assisted swing structure for effective water wave energy harvesting Nano Energy83 105836

[148] [148] Wang A Q, Chen J, Wang L, Han J L, Su W G, Li A Q, Liu P B, Duan L Y, Xu C H and Zeng Z 2022 Numerical analysis and experimental study of an ocean wave tetrahedral triboelectric nanogenerator Appl. Energy307 118174

[149] [149] Liang X, Liu S J, Ren Z W, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2022 Self-powered intelligent buoy based on triboelectric nanogenerator for water level alarming Adv. Funct. Mater.32 2205313

[150] [150] Liu S J, Liang X, Chen P F, Long H R, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2023 Multilayered helical spherical triboelectric nanogenerator with charge shuttling for water wave energy harvesting Small Methods7 2201392

[151] [151] Jung H, Ouro-Koura H, Salalila A, Salalila M and Deng Z D 2022 Frequency-multiplied cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting low frequency wave energy to power ocean observation system Nano Energy99 107365

[152] [152] Yang Y H, Zheng L, Wen J, Xing F J, Liu H, Shang Y R, Wang Z L and Chen B 2023 A swing self-regulated triboelectric nanogenerator for high-entropy ocean breaking waves energy harvesting Adv. Funct. Mater.33 2304366

[153] [153] Gao Q, Xu Y H, Yu X, Jing Z X, Cheng T H and Wang Z L 2022 Gyroscope-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting multidirectional ocean wave energy ACS Nano16 6781–8

[154] [154] Feng Y W, Jiang T, Liang X, An J and Wang Z L 2020 Cylindrical triboelectric nanogenerator based on swing structure for efficient harvesting of ultra-low-frequency water wave energy Appl. Phys. Rev.7 021401

[155] [155] Wang J L, Li Y K, Xie Z J, Xu Y H, Zhou J W, Cheng T H, Zhao H W and Wang Z L 2020 Cylindrical direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator with constant output current Adv. Energy Mater.10 1904227

[156] [156] Yang Y H, Wen J, Chen F R, Hao Y T, Gao X B, Jiang T, Chen B D and Wang Z L 2022 Barycenter self-adapting triboelectric nanogenerator for sea water wave high-entropy energy harvesting and self-powered forecasting in marine meteorology Adv. Funct. Mater.32 2200521

[157] [157] Jiang W Y, Chen C J, Wang C Y, Li J W, Zhao M M, Xiang T F and Wang P 2023 Design of triboelectric nanogenerators featuring motion form conversion, motion rectification, and frequency multiplication for low-frequency ocean energy harvesting Energy Environ. Sci.16 6003–14

[158] [158] Qiu H J, Wang H M, Xu L, Zheng M L and Wang Z L 2023 Brownian motor inspired monodirectional continuous spinning triboelectric nanogenerators for extracting energy from irregular gentle water waves Energy Environ. Sci.16 473–83

[159] [159] Zhang C G, Yuan W, Zhang B F, Yang J Y, Hu Y X, He L X, Zhao X J, Li X H, Wang Z L and Wang J 2023 A rotating triboelectric nanogenerator driven by bidirectional swing for water wave energy harvesting Small19 2304412

[160] [160] Han J J, Liu Y, Feng Y W, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2023 Achieving a large driving force on triboelectric nanogenerator by wave-driven linkage mechanism for harvesting blue energy toward marine environment monitoring Adv. Energy Mater.13 2203219

[161] [161] Jiang T, Pang H, An J, Lu P J, Feng Y W, Liang X, Zhong W and Wang Z L 2020 Robust swing-structured triboelectric nanogenerator for efficient blue energy harvesting Adv. Energy Mater.10 2000064

[162] [162] Tan D J, Zeng Q X, Wang X, Yuan S L, Luo Y L, Zhang X F, Tan L M, Hu C G and Liu G L 2022 Anti-overturning fully symmetrical triboelectric nanogenerator based on an elliptic cylindrical structure for all-weather blue energy harvesting Nano-Micro Lett.14 124

[163] [163] Xu L, Jiang T, Lin P, Shao J J, He C, Zhong W, Chen X Y and Wang Z L 2018 Coupled triboelectric nanogenerator networks for efficient water wave energy harvesting ACS Nano12 1849–58

[164] [164] Liu W B, Xu L, Liu G X, Yang H, Bu T Z, Fu X P, Xu S H, Fang C L and Zhang C 2020 Network topology optimization of triboelectric nanogenerators for effectively harvesting ocean wave energy iScience23 101848

[165] [165] Liu G L, Xiao L F, Chen C Y, Liu W L, Pu X J, Wu Z Y, Hu C G and Wang Z L 2020 Power cables for triboelectric nanogenerator networks for large-scale blue energy harvesting Nano Energy75 104975

[166] [166] Li X Y, Xu L, Lin P, Yang X D, Wang H M, Qin H F and Wang Z L 2023 Three-dimensional chiral networks of triboelectric nanogenerators inspired by metamaterial's structure Energy Environ. Sci.16 3040–52

[167] [167] Zhu Z Y, Xiang H J, Zeng Y M, Zhu J Q, Cao X, Wang N and Wang Z L 2022 Continuously harvesting energy from water and wind by pulsed triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered seawater electrolysis Nano Energy93 106776

[168] [168] Leung S F, Fu H C, Zhang M L, Hassan A H, Jiang T, Salama K N, Wang Z L and He J H 2020 Blue energy fuels: converting ocean wave energy to carbon-based liquid fuels via CO2 reduction Energy Environ. Sci.13 1300–8

[169] [169] Hou C, Chen T, Li Y F, Huang M J, Shi Q F, Liu H C, Sun L N and Lee C 2019 A rotational pendulum based electromagnetic/triboelectric hybrid-generator for ultra-low-frequency vibrations aiming at human motion and blue energy applications Nano Energy63 103871

[170] [170] Zhang X Q et al 2019 Self-powered distributed water level sensors based on liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerators for ship draft detecting Adv. Funct. Mater.29 1900327

[171] [171] Shan C C et al 2023 Dual mode TENG with self-voltage multiplying circuit for blue energy harvesting and water wave monitoring Adv. Funct. Mater.33 2305768

[172] [172] Liu H Y, Xiao Y, Xu Y, Zhang S C, Qu C M and Zhang Y L 2023 A highly adaptive real-time water wave sensing array for marine applications Nanoscale15 9162–70

[173] [173] Liu L, Shi Q F, Ho J S and Lee C 2019 Study of thin film blue energy harvester based on triboelectric nanogenerator and seashore IoT applications Nano Energy66 104167

[174] [174] Liu L, Shi Q F and Lee C 2020 A novel hybridized blue energy harvester aiming at all-weather IoT applications Nano Energy76 105052

[175] [175] Bai Y, Xu L, He C, Zhu L P, Yang X D, Jiang T, Nie J H, Zhong W and Wang Z L 2019 High-performance triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered, in-situ and real-time water quality mapping Nano Energy66 104117

[176] [176] Shi Q F, Wang H, Wu H and Lee C 2017 Self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator buoy ball for applications ranging from environment monitoring to water wave energy farm Nano Energy40 203–13

[177] [177] Liu J H et al 2024 Underwater biomimetic lateral line sensor based on triboelectric nanogenerator for dynamic pressure monitoring and trajectory perception Small20 2308491

[178] [178] Zhao D, Li H Y, Wang J L, Gao Q, Yu Y, Wen J M, Wang Z L and Cheng T H 2023 A drawstring triboelectric nanogenerator with modular electrodes for harvesting wave energy Nano Res.16 10931–7

[179] [179] Zhao D, Li H Y, Yu Y, Wang Y T, Wang J L, Gao Q, Wang Z L, Wen J M and Cheng T H 2023 A current-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator with crossed rollers for harvesting wave energy Nano Energy117 108885

[180] [180] Chandrasekhar A, Vivekananthan V, Khandelwal G and Kim S J 2020 A sustainable blue energy scavenging smart buoy toward self-powered smart fishing net tracker ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng.8 4120–7

[181] [181] Li X Y, Tao J, Wang X D, Zhu J, Pan C F and Wang Z L 2018 Networks of high performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on liquid–solid interface contact electrification for harvesting low-frequency blue energy Adv. Energy Mater.8 1800705

[182] [182] Zhao X J, Tian J J, Kuang S Y, Ouyang H, Yan L, Wang Z L, Li Z and Zhu G 2016 Biocide-free antifouling on insulating surface by wave-driven triboelectrification-induced potential oscillation Adv. Mater. Interfaces3 1600187

[183] [183] Wang X Y, Ye C Y, Chen P F, Pang H, Wei C H, Duan Y X, Jiang T and Wang Z L 2024 Achieving high power density and durability of multilayered swing-structured triboelectric nanogenerator toward marine environmental protection Adv. Funct. Mater.34 2311196

[184] [184] Mo J L, Liu Y H, Fu Q, Cai C C, Lu Y X, Wu W H, Zhao Z X, Song H N, Wang S F and Nie S X 2022 Triboelectric nanogenerators for enhanced degradation of antibiotics via external electric field Nano Energy93 106842

[185] [185] Xu G Q, Li X Y, Fu J J, Zhou Y K, Xia X and Zi Y L 2023 Environmental lifecycle assessment of CO2 -filled triboelectric nanogenerators to help achieve carbon neutrality Energy Environ. Sci.16 2112–9

[186] [186] Ahmed A, Wang Y N, Azam A, Li N, Jia C Y and Zhang Z T 2023 Design of an S-shaped point-absorber wave energy converter with a non-linear PTO to power the satellite-respondent buoys in the East China Sea Ocean Eng.275 114162

[187] [187] Zhang Y K, Wen Y, Han X Y, Zhang W D, Gao F and Chen W X 2023 Gyroscopic wave energy converter with a self-accelerating rotor in WEC-glider Ocean Eng.273 113819

[188] [188] Ding W J, Song B W, Mao Z Y and Wang K Y 2016 Experimental investigations on a low frequency horizontal pendulum ocean kinetic energy harvester for underwater mooring platforms J. Mar. Sci. Technol.21 359–67

[189] [189] Chen W X, Lu Y F, Li S X and Gao F 2023 A bio-inspired foldable-wing wave energy converter for ocean robots Appl. Energy334 120696

[190] [190] Jia C Y, Cao H, Pan H Y, Ahmed A, Jiang Z J, Azam A, Zhang Z T and Pan Y J 2022 A wave energy converter based on a zero-pressure-angle mechanism for self-powered applications in near-zero energy sea-crossing bridges Smart Mater. Struct.31 095006

[191] [191] Liang C W, Ai J X and Zuo L 2017 Design, fabrication, simulation and testing of an ocean wave energy converter with mechanical motion rectifier Ocean Eng.136 190–200

[192] [192] Binh P C, Tri N M, Dung D T, Ahn K K, Kim S J and Koo W 2016 Analysis, design and experiment investigation of a novel wave energy converter IET Gen. Transm. Distrib.10 460–9