Fig. 1. Computation model (left) and grid division (right)

Fig. 2. Flight trajectory (above) and attack angle and Ma number (below)

Fig. 3. Transmission path of radiation from ground

Fig. 4. Spectral absorption coefficient of sapphire due to variety of wavelength and temperature

Fig. 5. Simulation results of adiabatic plate boundary layer friction coefficient comparing with ideal results due to variety of Ma number (a) and wall temperature (b)

Fig. 6. Ma distribution of fluid field boundary layer interrupted by oblique shock wave (a) and heat transfer characteristics compared with experiment results (b)

Fig. 7. Ma number distribution at t=13 s (a) and temperature distribution of sapphire (b)

Fig. 8. Computational convergence history

Fig. 9. Minimum difference of target and background temperature recognizable by IR detector distribution at different time

Fig. 10. Volume average temperature and maximum temperature of sapphire at t=13 s due to variety of thickness

Fig. 11. ΔT_ave of sapphire at d=10, 17.5, 25 mm due to variety of flight time

Fig. 12. ΔT_ave of sapphire at t=13 s due to variety of thickness