Fig. 1. Schematic of our method. (a) Layout of the setup; (b) the part from PP₁ to PP₂ is squeezed into a new paraxial plane, CPP, which plays the role of the camera lens in (b).

Fig. 2. Schematic of calibration strategy in our method.

Fig. 3. Simulation of wavefront reconstruction. (a) Simulated wavefront of the multilens optical system; (b) schematic of the simulated measurement setup. (c)–(g) Results when the screen was expressed as (c) z = 0.1x + 0.2y + 1000, (d) z = 0.1x + 0.2y + 2000, (e) z = 0.1x + 0.2y + 8000, (f) z = 0.3x + 0.3y + 2000, and (g) z = 0.4x + 0.4y + 2000; (h) errors between (a) and (e).

Fig. 4. Measurement process. (a) Measurement setup and the test collimator; (b) pictures acquired when using the temporal phase unwrapping.

Fig. 5. Test results (the first eight Zernike terms removed). (a)–(e) Wavefronts at the positions with the angles of 0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, and 288°; (f) interferometry result at 288°.

Fig. 6. Devices and simplified imaging models of the double calibration when the screen was put (a), (c) behind and (b), (d) in front of c′.

Fig. 7. Measurement process. (a) Measurement setup and the test SLR prime lens; (b) pictures acquired when using the temporal phase unwrapping.

Fig. 8. Test results (the first eight Zernike terms removed). (a)–(e) Wavefronts at the positions with the angles of 0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, and 288°; (f) interferometry result at 288°.

Fig. 9. Diagram of the internal sublenses in the test SLR zoom lens.

Fig. 10. Test results (the first eight Zernike terms removed). (a)–(e) Wavefronts at the angular positions with five rotation angles (0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, and 288°) under 18 mm focal length; (f)–(j) wavefronts at the angular positions with five rotation angles (0°, 72°, 144°, 216°, and 288°) under 55 mm focal length.