Fig. 1. Signs of DSBs damage after heavy particle radiation^[25,30]: the diagram shows that after high LET heavy-ion irradiation, two different chromosomes are wrongly reconnected to form chromosome rearrangements, and high LET heavy-ion radiation leads to the formation of multiple DSBs in a limited area. In addition, high LET heavy-ion radiation can cause multiple DSBs at the chromosome boundary

Fig. 2. Model of DSBs repair pathway after heavy-ion irradiation^{[25,30, 34]}. About 90% of DSBs induced by high LET heavy-ion radiation are repaired by excision mediated pathway, that is, HR and other pathways, such as SSA or A-EJ, and about 10% of DSBs are repaired by NHEJ pathway. After heavy-ion radiation, complex broken ends of DSBs will be formed, which will affect the repair speed of DSBs. It shows that the repair speed of DSBs is slower than that of X-rays or γ-rays

Fig. 3. Pathways were involved in repair during interphase^[30,34]. The major repair pathways for radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaking ((a) non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), (b) homologous recombination (HR), (c) single-strand annealing (SSA),and (d) alternate end joining (A-EJ) ), which play important roles between cells and have significant cell cycle dependence