[1] [1] Y. Liang, H. Xu, Z. Li, A. Zhangji, B. Guo, Bioinspired injectable self-healing hydrogel sealant with fault-tolerant and repeated thermo-responsive adhesion for sutureless post-wound-closure and wound healing. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 185 (2022). 10.1007/s40820-022-00928-z

[2] [2] Y. Chen, Y. Zhou, Z. Hu, W. Lu, Z. Li et al., Gelatin-based metamaterial hydrogel films with high conformality for ultra-soft tissue monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 34 (2023). 10.1007/s40820-023-01225-z

[3] [3] J. Li, Q. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Wu, X. Gui et al., Engineering smart composite hydrogels for wearable disease monitoring. Nano-Micro Lett. 15, 105 (2023). 10.1007/s40820-023-01079-5

[4] [4] L. Huang, A.M.E. Abdalla, L. Xiao, G. Yang, Biopolymer-based microcarriers for three-dimensional cell culture and engineered tissue formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1895 (2020). 10.3390/ijms21051895

[5] [5] M. Mohajeri, M. Eskandari, Z.S. Ghazali, H.S. Ghazali, Cell encapsulation in alginate-based microgels using droplet microfluidics; a review on gelation methods and applications. Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express 8, 022001 (2022). 10.1088/2057-1976/ac4e2d

[6] [6] Z. Zhao, Z. Wang, G. Li, Z. Cai, J. Wu et al., Injectable microfluidic hydrogel microspheres for cell and drug delivery. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2103339 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202103339

[7] [7] G. Bao, T. Jiang, H. Ravanbakhsh, A. Reyes, Z. Ma et al., Triggered micropore-forming bioprinting of porous viscoelastic hydrogels. Mater. Horiz. 7, 2336–2347 (2020). 10.1039/d0mh00813c

[8] [8] J.E. Mealy, J.J. Chung, H.-H. Jeong, D. Issadore, D. Lee et al., Injectable granular hydrogels with multifunctional properties for biomedical applications. Adv. Mater. 30, 1705912 (2018). 10.1002/adma.201705912

[9] [9] B.B. Mendes, A.C. Daly, R.L. Reis, R.M.A. Domingues, M.E. Gomes et al., Injectable hyaluronic acid and platelet lysate-derived granular hydrogels for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 119, 101–113 (2021). 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.040

[10] [10] A.C. Daly, Granular hydrogels in biofabrication: recent advances and future perspectives. Adv. Healthc. Mater. (2023). 10.1002/adhm.202301388

[11] [11] A.C. Daly, L. Riley, T. Segura, J.A. Burdick, Hydrogel microparticles for biomedical applications. Nat. Rev. Mater. 5, 20–43 (2019). 10.1038/s41578-019-0148-6

[12] [12] M. Asadikorayem, F. Surman, P. Weber, D. Weber, M. Zenobi-Wong, Zwitterionic granular hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering. Adv. Healthc. Mater. (2023). 10.1002/adhm.202301831

[13] [13] D. Sadeghi, A. Solouk, A. Samadikuchaksaraei, A.M. Seifalian, Preparation of internally-crosslinked alginate microspheres: Optimization of process parameters and study of pH-responsive behaviors. Carbohydr. Polym. 255, 117336 (2021). 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117336

[14] [14] J. Li, Y. Wang, L. Cai, L. Shang, Y. Zhao, High-throughput generation of microgels in centrifugal multi-channel rotating system. Chem. Eng. J. 427, 130750 (2022). 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130750

[15] [15] Y. Zhi, J. Che, H. Zhu, R. Liu, Y. Zhao, Glycyrrhetinic acid liposomes encapsulated microcapsules from microfluidic electrospray for inflammatory wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2304353 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202304353

[16] [16] G. Tang, R. Xiong, D. Lv, R.X. Xu, K. Braeckmans et al., Gas-shearing fabrication of multicompartmental microspheres: a one-step and oil-free approach. Adv. Sci. 6, 1802342 (2019). 10.1002/advs.201802342

[17] [17] D. Ribezzi, M. Gueye, S. Florczak, F. Dusi, D. de Vos et al., Shaping synthetic multicellular and complex multimaterial tissues via embedded extrusion-volumetric printing of microgels. Adv. Mater. 35, e2301673 (2023). 10.1002/adma.202301673

[18] [18] I. Gal, R. Edri, N. Noor, M. Rotenberg, M. Namestnikov et al., Injectable cardiac cell microdroplets for tissue regeneration. Small 16, 1802342 (2020). 10.1002/smll.201904806

[19] [19] R. Wang, F. Wang, S. Lu, B. Gao, Y. Kan et al., Adipose-derived stem cell/FGF19-loaded microfluidic hydrogel microspheres for synergistic restoration of critical ischemic limb. Bioact. Mater. 27, 394–408 (2023). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.006

[20] [20] J. Hao, B. Bai, Z. Ci, J. Tang, G. Hu et al., Large-sized bone defect repair by combining a decalcified bone matrix framework and bone regeneration units based on photo-crosslinkable osteogenic microgels. Bioact. Mater. 14, 97–109 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.013

[21] [21] R. Dubay, J.N. Urban, E.M. Darling, Single-cell microgels for diagnostics and therapeutics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2009946 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202009946

[22] [22] D. Lambrechts, E. Wauters, B. Boeckx, S. Aibar, D. Nittner et al., Phenotype molding of stromal cells in the lung tumor microenvironment. Nat. Med. 24, 1277–1289 (2018). 10.1038/s41591-018-0096-5

[23] [23] S.W. Wong, C.R. Tamatam, I.S. Cho, P.T. Toth, R. Bargi et al., Inhibition of aberrant tissue remodelling by mesenchymal stromal cells singly coated with soft gels presenting defined chemomechanical cues. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 54–66 (2022). 10.1038/s41551-021-00740-x

[24] [24] J. He, C. Chen, L. Chen, R. Cheng, J. Sun et al., Honeycomb-like hydrogel microspheres for 3D bulk construction of tumor models. Research 2022, 9809763 (2022). 10.34133/2022/9809763

[25] [25] D. Huang, T. Liu, J. Liao, S. Maharjan, X. Xie et al., Reversed-engineered human alveolar lung-on-a-chip model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118, e2016146118 (2021). 10.1073/pnas.2016146118

[26] [26] H. Zhang, Y. Cong, A.R. Osi, Y. Zhou, F. Huang et al., 3D bioprinting microgels: direct 3D printed biomimetic scaffolds based on hydrogel microparticles for cell spheroid growth. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2070085 (2020). 10.1002/adfm.202070085

[27] [27] P. Wang, X. Meng, R. Wang, W. Yang, L. Yang et al., Biomaterial scaffolds made of chemically cross-linked gelatin microsphere aggregates (C-GMSs) promote vascularized bone regeneration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, e2102818 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202102818

[28] [28] L. Ouyang, Pushing the rheological and mechanical boundaries of extrusion-based 3D bioprinting. Trends Biotechnol. 40, 891–902 (2022). 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.01.001

[29] [29] C.L. Franco, J. Price, J.L. West, Development and optimization of a dual-photoinitiator, emulsion-based technique for rapid generation of cell-laden hydrogel microspheres. Acta Biomater. 7, 3267–3276 (2011). 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.06.011

[30] [30] L.D. Zarzar, V. Sresht, E.M. Sletten, J.A. Kalow, D. Blankschtein et al., Dynamically reconfigurable complex emulsions via tunable interfacial tensions. Nature 518, 520–524 (2015). 10.1038/nature14168

[31] [31] J.M. Unagolla, T.E. Alahmadi, A.C. Jayasuriya, Chitosan microparticles based polyelectrolyte complex scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in vitro and effect of calcium phosphate. Carbohydr. Polym. 199, 426–436 (2018). 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.044

[32] [32] S. Pradhan, J.M. Clary, D. Seliktar, E.A. Lipke, A three-dimensional spheroidal cancer model based on PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel microspheres. Biomaterials 115, 141–154 (2017). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.052

[33] [33] Y. Tian, W. Han, K.L. Yeung, Magnetic microsphere scaffold-based soft microbots for targeted mesenchymal stem cell delivery. Small 19, 2300430 (2023). 10.1002/smll.202300430

[34] [34] P.B. Umbanhowar, V. Prasad, D.A. Weitz, Monodisperse emulsion generation via drop break off in a coflowing stream. Langmuir 16, 347–351 (2000). 10.1021/la990101e

[35] [35] G.M. Whitesides, The origins and the future of microfluidics. Nature 442, 368–373 (2006). 10.1038/nature05058

[36] [36] P. Garstecki, M.J. Fuerstman, H.A. Stone, G.M. Whitesides, Formation of droplets and bubbles in a microfluidic T-junction—scaling and mechanism of break-up. Lab Chip 6, 437–446 (2006). 10.1039/B510841A

[37] [37] T. Thorsen, R.W. Roberts, F.H. Arnold, S.R. Quake, Dynamic pattern formation in a vesicle-generating microfluidic device. Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4163–4166 (2001). 10.1103/physrevlett.86.4163

[38] [38] Q. Zhang, G. Kuang, H. Wang, Y. Zhao, J. Wei et al., Multi-bioinspired MOF delivery systems from microfluidics for tumor multimodal therapy. Adv. Sci. 10, 2303818 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202303818

[39] [39] S.L. Anna, N. Bontoux, H.A. Stone, Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels. Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 364–366 (2003). 10.1063/1.1537519

[40] [40] T. Nisisako, T. Torii, T. Takahashi, Y. Takizawa, Synthesis of monodisperse bicolored janus particles with electrical anisotropy using a microfluidic co-flow system. Adv. Mater. 18, 1152 (2006). 10.1002/adma.200502431

[41] [41] S. Utech, R. Prodanovic, A.S. Mao, R. Ostafe, D.J. Mooney et al., Microfluidic generation of monodisperse, structurally homogeneous alginate microgels for cell encapsulation and 3D cell culture. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4, 1628–1633 (2015). 10.1002/adhm.201500021

[42] [42] Z. Toprakcioglu, P.K. Challa, D.B. Morse, T. Knowles, Attoliter protein nanogels from droplet nanofluidics for intracellular delivery. Sci. Adv. 6, 7952 (2020). 10.1126/sciadv.aay7952

[43] [43] K. Zhu, Y. Yu, Y. Cheng, C. Tian, G. Zhao et al., All-aqueous-phase microfluidics for cell encapsulation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 4826–4832 (2019). 10.1021/acsami.8b19234

[44] [44] C. Zhang, R. Grossier, L. Lacaria, F. Rico, N. Candoni et al., A microfluidic method generating monodispersed microparticles with controllable sizes and mechanical properties. Chem. Eng. Sci. 211, 115322 (2020). 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115322

[45] [45] H.-T. Liu, H. Wang, W.-B. Wei, H. Liu, L. Jiang et al., A microfluidic strategy for controllable generation of water-in-water droplets as biocompatible microcarriers. Small 14, e1801095 (2018). 10.1002/smll.201801095

[46] [46] J. Wang, S. Hahn, E. Amstad, N. Vogel, Tailored double emulsions made simple. Adv. Mater. 34, 2107338 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202107338

[47] [47] Q. Zhang, G. Kuang, Y. Yu, X. Ding, H. Ren et al., Hierarchical microparticles delivering oxaliplatin and NLG919 nanoprodrugs for local chemo-immunotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 48527–48539 (2022). 10.1021/acsami.2c16564

[48] [48] L. Sun, T. Li, B. Zhang, M. Zhang, J. Xu et al., An off-the-shelf microfluidic device for the controllable fabrication of multiple-holed hollow particles and their cell culture applications. Mater. Chem. Front. 5, 3149–3158 (2021). 10.1039/D0QM01014F

[49] [49] T.H. Qazi, J. Wu, V.G. Muir, S. Weintraub, S.E. Gullbrand et al., Anisotropic rod-shaped particles influence injectable granular hydrogel properties and cell invasion. Adv. Mater. 34, e2109194 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202109194

[50] [50] K.S. Paulsen, D. Di Carlo, A.J. Chung, Optofluidic fabrication for 3D-shaped particles. Nat. Commun. 6, 6976 (2015). 10.1038/ncomms7976

[51] [51] D. Doan, J. Kulikowski, X.W. Gu, Diffusion of anisotropic colloidal microparticles fabricated using two-photon lithography. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 38, 2100033 (2021). 10.1002/ppsc.202100033

[52] [52] H.U. Kim, Y.J. Lim, H.J. Lee, N.J. Lee, K.W. Bong, Degassed micromolding lithography for rapid fabrication of anisotropic hydrogel microparticles with high-resolution and high uniformity. Lab Chip 20, 74–83 (2020). 10.1039/c9lc00828d

[53] [53] L. Cai, F. Bian, H. Chen, J. Guo, Y. Wang et al., Anisotropic microparticles from microfluidics. Chem 7, 93–136 (2021). 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.09.023

[54] [54] W. Jang, D.Y. Kim, S.J. Mun, J.H. Choi, Y.H. Roh et al., Direct functionalization of cell-adhesion promoters to hydrogel microparticles synthesized by stop-flow lithography. J. Polym. Sci. 60, 1767–1777 (2022). 10.1002/pol.20210934

[55] [55] G. Tang, L. Chen, Z. Wang, S. Gao, Q. Qu et al., Faithful fabrication of biocompatible multicompartmental memomicrospheres for digitally color-tunable barcoding. Small 16, e1907586 (2020). 10.1002/smll.201907586

[56] [56] X. Zhang, Q. Qu, A. Zhou, Y. Wang, J. Zhang et al., Core-shell microparticles: From rational engineering to diverse applications. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 299, 102568 (2022). 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102568

[57] [57] L. Zhang, K. Chen, H. Zhang, B. Pang, C.-H. Choi et al., Microfluidic templated multicompartment microgels for 3D encapsulation and pairing of single cells. Small 14, 1702955 (2018). 10.1002/smll.201702955

[58] [58] S. Habasaki, W.C. Lee, S. Yoshida, S. Takeuchi, Vertical flow lithography for fabrication of 3D anisotropic particles. Small 11, 6391–6396 (2015). 10.1002/smll.201502968

[59] [59] F. Huang, J. Zhang, T. Li, R. Duan, F. Xia et al., Two-photon lithographic patterning of DNA-coated single-microparticle surfaces. Nano Lett. 19, 618–625 (2019). 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04975

[60] [60] A. Lüken, L. Stüwe, S.B. Rauer, J. Oelker, J. Linkhorst et al., Fabrication, flow assembly, and permeation of microscopic any-shape particles. Small 18, 2107508 (2022). 10.1002/smll.202107508

[61] [61] J. Xie, L.K. Lim, Y. Phua, J. Hua, C.-H. Wang, Electrohydrodynamic atomization for biodegradable polymeric particle production. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 302, 103–112 (2006). 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.037

[62] [62] J. Xie, J.C.M. Marijnissen, C.-H. Wang, Microparticles developed by electrohydrodynamic atomization for the local delivery of anticancer drug to treat C6 glioma in vitro. Biomaterials 27, 3321–3332 (2006). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.034

[63] [63] A. Tanhaei, M. Mohammadi, H. Hamishehkar, M.R. Hamblin, Electrospraying as a novel method of particle engineering for drug delivery vehicles. J. Control. Release 330, 851–865 (2021). 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.059

[64] [64] A.S. Qayyum, E. Jain, G. Kolar, Y. Kim, S.A. Sell et al., Design of electrohydrodynamic sprayed polyethylene glycol hydrogel microspheres for cell encapsulation. Biofabrication 9, 025019 (2017). 10.1088/1758-5090/aa703c

[65] [65] J.V. John, A. McCarthy, H. Wang, S. Chen, Y. Su et al., Engineering biomimetic nanofiber microspheres with tailored size, predesigned structure, and desired composition via gas bubble-mediated coaxial electrospray. Small 16, e1907393 (2020). 10.1002/smll.201907393

[66] [66] T. Song, H. Zhang, Z. Luo, L. Shang, Y. Zhao, Primary human pancreatic cancer cells cultivation in microfluidic hydrogel microcapsules for drug evaluation. Adv. Sci. 10, e2206004 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202206004

[67] [67] D. Huang, J. Wang, M. Nie, G. Chen, Y. Zhao, Pollen-inspired adhesive multilobe microparticles from microfluidics for intestinal drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 35, 2301192 (2023). 10.1002/adma.202301192

[68] [68] H. Wang, Z. Zhao, Y. Liu, C. Shao, F. Bian et al., Biomimetic enzyme cascade reaction system in microfluidic electrospray microcapsules. Sci. Adv. 4, eaat2816 (2018). 10.1126/sciadv.aat2816

[69] [69] Y. Zhu, L. Sun, X. Fu, J. Liu, Z. Liang et al., Engineering microcapsules to construct vascularized human brain organoids. Chem. Eng. J. 424, 130427 (2021). 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130427

[70] [70] D. Wu, Y. Yu, C. Zhao, X. Shou, Y. Piao et al., NK-cell-encapsulated porous microspheres via microfluidic electrospray for tumor immunotherapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 33716–33724 (2019). 10.1021/acsami.9b12816

[71] [71] C. Zhang, Z.-C. Yao, Q. Ding, J.J. Choi, Z. Ahmad et al., Tri-needle coaxial electrospray engineering of magnetic polymer yolk-shell particles possessing dual-imaging modality, multiagent compartments, and trigger release potential. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 21485–21495 (2017). 10.1021/acsami.7b05580

[72] [72] M. Xie, Q. Gao, J. Qiu, J. Fu, Z. Chen et al., 3D biofabrication of microfiber-laden minispheroids: a facile 3D cell co-culturing system. Biomater. Sci. 8, 109–117 (2019). 10.1039/c9bm01189g

[73] [73] Q. Zhang, X. Wang, G. Kuang, Y. Zhao, Pt(IV) prodrug initiated microparticles from microfluidics for tumor chemo-, photothermal and photodynamic combination therapy. Bioact. Mater. 24, 185–196 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.020

[74] [74] G. Kuang, Q. Zhang, Y. Yu, L. Shang, Y. Zhao, Cryo-shocked cancer cell microgels for tumor postoperative combination immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. Bioact. Mater. 28, 326–336 (2023). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.021

[75] [75] L. Yang, X. Wang, Y. Yu, L. Shang, W. Xu et al., Bio-inspired dual-adhesive particles from microfluidic electrospray for bone regeneration. Nano Res. 16, 5292–5299 (2023). 10.1007/s12274-022-5202-9

[76] [76] Q. Zhang, T. Yang, R. Zhang, X. Liang, G. Wang et al., Platelet lysate functionalized gelatin methacrylate microspheres for improving angiogenesis in endodontic regeneration. Acta Biomater. 136, 441–455 (2021). 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.024

[77] [77] J. Xue, C. Zhu, J. Li, H. Li, Y. Xia, Integration of phase-change materials with electrospun fibers for promoting neurite outgrowth under controlled release. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1705563 (2018). 10.1002/adfm.201705563

[78] [78] Z. Pan, L. Bui, V. Yadav, F. Fan, H.-C. Chang et al., Conformal single cell hydrogel coating with electrically induced tip streaming of an AC cone. Biomater. Sci. 9, 3284–3292 (2021). 10.1039/d0bm02100h

[79] [79] K. Maeda, H. Onoe, M. Takinoue, S. Takeuchi, Controlled synthesis of 3D multi-compartmental particles with centrifuge-based microdroplet formation from a multi-barrelled capillary. Adv. Mater. 24, 1340–1346 (2012). 10.1002/adma.201102560

[80] [80] Y. Morimoto, M. Onuki, S. Takeuchi Mass production of cell-laden calcium alginate particles with centrifugal force. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1601375 (2017). Doi:

[81] [81] Y. Cheng, X. Zhang, Y. Cao, C. Tian, Y. Li et al., Centrifugal microfluidics for ultra-rapid fabrication of versatile hydrogel microcarriers. Appl. Mater. Today 13, 116–125 (2018). 10.1016/j.apmt.2018.08.012

[82] [82] M. Madadelahi, M.J. Madou, Y.D. Nokoorani, A. Shamloo, S.O. Martinez-Chapa, Fluidic barriers in droplet-based centrifugal microfluidics: generation of multiple emulsions and microspheres. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 311, 127833 (2020). 10.1016/j.snb.2020.127833

[83] [83] S. Yoshida, M. Takinoue, H. Onoe, Compartmentalized spherical collagen microparticles for anisotropic cell culture microenvironments. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 6, 1601463 (2017). 10.1002/adhm.201601463

[84] [84] O. Hasturk, J.A. Smiley, M. Arnett, J.K. Sahoo, C. Staii et al., Cytoprotection of human progenitor and stem cells through encapsulation in alginate templated, dual crosslinked silk and silk-gelatin composite hydrogel microbeads. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, e2200293 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202200293

[85] [85] T. Kubota, Y. Kurashina, J. Zhao, K. Ando, H. Onoe, Ultrasound-triggered on-demand drug delivery using hydrogel microbeads with release enhancer. Mater. Des. 203, 109580 (2021). 10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109580

[86] [86] E.P. Herrero, E.M. Martín Del Valle, M.A. Galán, Development of a new technology for the production of microcapsules based in atomization processes. Chem. Eng. J. 117, 137–142 (2006). 10.1016/j.cej.2005.12.022

[87] [87] Q. Qu, W. Cheng, X. Zhang, H. Ravanbakhsh, G. Tang et al., Glucose-responsive enzymatic cascade microreactors in gas-shearing microfluidics microcapsules. Adv. Mater. Technol. 8, 2201559 (2023). 10.1002/admt.202201559

[88] [88] Q. Qu, X. Zhang, H. Ravanbakhsh, G. Tang, J. Zhang et al., Gas-shearing synthesis of core–shell multicompartmental microparticles as cell-like system for enzymatic cascade reaction. Chem. Eng. J. 428, 132607 (2022). 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132607

[89] [89] X. Zhang, Q. Qu, W. Cheng, A. Zhou, Y. Deng et al., A Prussian blue alginate microparticles platform based on gas-shearing strategy for antitumor and antibacterial therapy. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 209, 794–800 (2022). 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.064

[90] [90] H. Liu, Z. Cai, F. Wang, L. Hong, L. Deng et al., Colon-targeted adhesive hydrogel microsphere for regulation of gut immunity and flora. Adv. Sci. 8, e2101619 (2021). 10.1002/advs.202101619

[91] [91] R. Ghaffarian, E.P. Herrero, H. Oh, S.R. Raghavan, S. Muro, Chitosan-alginate microcapsules provide gastric protection and intestinal release of ICAM-1-targeting nanocarriers, enabling GI targeting in vivo. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 3382–3393 (2016). 10.1002/adfm.201600084

[92] [92] M. Wang, W. Li, L.S. Mille, T. Ching, Z. Luo et al., Digital light processing based bioprinting with composable gradients. Adv. Mater. 34, e2107038 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202107038

[93] [93] M. Wang, W. Li, Z. Luo, G. Tang, X. Mu et al., A multifunctional micropore-forming bioink with enhanced anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Biofabrication (2022). 10.1088/1758-5090/ac5936

[94] [94] K. Zub, S. Hoeppener, U.S. Schubert, Inkjet printing and 3D printing strategies for biosensing, analytical, and diagnostic applications. Adv. Mater. 34, e2105015 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202105015

[95] [95] W. Li, M. Wang, S. Wang, X. Wang, A. Avila et al., An adhesive bioink toward biofabrication under wet conditions. Small 19, e2205078 (2023). 10.1002/smll.202205078

[96] [96] G. Tang, Z. Luo, L. Lian, J. Guo, S. Maharjan et al., Liquid-embedded (bio)printing of alginate-free, standalone, ultrafine, and ultrathin-walled cannular structures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 120, e2206762120 (2023). 10.1073/pnas.2206762120

[97] [97] Y.S. Zhang, G. Haghiashtiani, T. Hübscher, D.J. Kelly, J.M. Lee et al., 3D extrusion bioprinting. Nat. Rev. Meth. Primers 1, 75 (2021). 10.1038/s43586-021-00073-8

[98] [98] N. Armon, E. Greenberg, E. Edri, O. Nagler-Avramovitz, Y. Elias et al., Laser-based printing: from liquids to microstructures. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2008547 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202008547

[99] [99] J.T. Toombs, M. Luitz, C.C. Cook, S. Jenne, C.C. Li et al., Volumetric additive manufacturing of silica glass with microscale computed axial lithography. Science 376, 308–312 (2022). 10.1126/science.abm6459

[100] [100] Q. He, Y. Liao, J. Zhang, X. Yao, W. Zhou et al., “All-in-one” gel system for whole procedure of stem-cell amplification and tissue engineering. Small 16, 1906539 (2020). 10.1002/smll.201906539

[101] [101] Y. Qian, J. Gong, K. Lu, Y. Hong, Z. Zhu et al., DLP printed hDPSC-loaded GelMA microsphere regenerates dental pulp and repairs spinal cord. Biomaterials 299, 122137 (2023). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122137

[102] [102] S. Wu, X. Wu, X. Wang, J. Su, Hydrogels for bone organoid construction: From a materiobiological perspective. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 136, 21–31 (2023). 10.1016/j.jmst.2022.07.008

[103] [103] C. Mota, S. Camarero-Espinosa, M.B. Baker, P. Wieringa, L. Moroni, Bioprinting: From tissue and organ development to in vitro models. Chem. Rev. 120, 10547–10607 (2020). 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00789

[104] [104] C. Xie, R. Liang, J. Ye, Z. Peng, H. Sun et al., High-efficient engineering of osteo-callus organoids for rapid bone regeneration within one month. Biomaterials 288, 121741 (2022). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121741

[105] [105] R. Rizzo, D. Ruetsche, H. Liu, M. Zenobi-Wong, Optimized photoclick (bio)resins for fast volumetric bioprinting. Adv. Mater. 33, 2102900 (2021). 10.1002/adma.202102900

[106] [106] P. Chansoria, D. Rütsche, A. Wang, H. Liu, D. D’Angella et al., Synergizing algorithmic design, photoclick chemistry and multi-material volumetric printing for accelerating complex shape engineering. Adv. Sci. 10, e2300912 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202300912

[107] [107] M. Xie, L. Lian, X. Mu, Z. Luo, C.E. Garciamendez-Mijares et al., Volumetric additive manufacturing of pristine silk-based (bio)inks. Nat. Commun. 14, 210 (2023). 10.1038/s41467-023-35807-7

[108] [108] P.N. Bernal, P. Delrot, D. Loterie, Y. Li, J. Malda et al., Volumetric bioprinting of complex living-tissue constructs within seconds. Adv. Mater. 31, 1904209 (2019). 10.1002/adma.201904209

[109] [109] P.N. Bernal, M. Bouwmeester, J. Madrid-Wolff, M. Falandt, S. Florczak et al., Volumetric bioprinting of organoids and optically tuned hydrogels to build liver-like metabolic biofactories. Adv. Mater. 34, 2270112 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202270112

[110] [110] H. Zhao, Y. Chen, L. Shao, M. Xie, J. Nie et al., Airflow-assisted 3D bioprinting of human heterogeneous microspheroidal organoids with microfluidic nozzle. Small 14, e1802630 (2018). 10.1002/smll.201802630

[111] [111] C. Motter Catarino, D. Cigaran Schuck, L. Dechiario, P. Karande, Incorporation of hair follicles in 3D bioprinted models of human skin. Sci. Adv. 9, eadg0297 (2023). 10.1126/sciadv.adg0297

[112] [112] A.C. Daly, M.E. Prendergast, A.J. Hughes, J.A. Burdick, Bioprinting for the biologist. Cell 184, 18–32 (2021). 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.002

[113] [113] M.J. Whitaker, J. Hao, O.R. Davies, G. Serhatkulu, S. Stolnik-Trenkic et al., The production of protein-loaded microparticles by supercritical fluid enhanced mixing and spraying. J. Control. Release 101, 85–92 (2005). 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.07.017

[114] [114] R. Luo, Y. Cao, P. Shi, C.-H. Chen, Near-infrared light responsive multi-compartmental hydrogel particles synthesized through droplets assembly induced by superhydrophobic surface. Small 10, 4886–4894 (2014). 10.1002/smll.201401312

[115] [115] M. Pan, H. Shao, Y. Fan, J. Yang, J. Liu et al., Superhydrophobic surface-assisted preparation of microspheres and supraparticles and their applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 68 (2024). 10.1007/s40820-023-01284-2

[116] [116] Y. Cui, H. Zhu, J. Cai, H. Qiu, Self-regulated co-assembly of soft and hard nanoparticles. Nat. Commun. 12, 5682 (2021). 10.1038/s41467-021-25995-5

[117] [117] H.-Y. Lin, L.-Y. Zhou, F. Mei, W.-T. Dou, L. Hu et al., Highly efficient self-assembly of metallacages and their supramolecular catalysis behaviors in microdroplets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 62, e202301900 (2023). 10.1002/anie.202301900

[118] [118] R.M. Parker, J. Zhang, Y. Zheng, R.J. Coulston, C.A. Smith et al., Electrostatically directed self-assembly of ultrathin supramolecular polymer microcapsules. Adv. Funct. Mater. 25, 4091–4100 (2015). 10.1002/adfm.201501079

[119] [119] J. Hu, R. Chen, Z. Li, F. Wu, Y. Yang et al., Polyphenol-coordinated supramolecular hydrogel as a promising “one-stop-shop” strategy for acute infected wound treatment. Appl. Mater. Today 29, 101586 (2022). 10.1016/j.apmt.2022.101586

[120] [120] H. Zhang, X. Feng, X. Xia, J. Zhu, H. Wang et al., Shape-dictated self-assembly of photoresponsive hybrid colloids. Small Methods 7, e2300383 (2023). 10.1002/smtd.202300383

[121] [121] J. Zeng, W. Fu, Z. Qi, Q. Zhu, H. He et al., Self-assembly of microparticles by supramolecular homopolymerization of one component DNA molecule. Small 15, 1805552 (2019). 10.1002/smll.201805552

[122] [122] M.A. Bochenek, O. Veiseh, A.J. Vegas, J.J. McGarrigle, M. Qi et al., Alginate encapsulation as long-term immune protection of allogeneic pancreatic islet cells transplanted into the omental bursa of macaques. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2, 810–821 (2018). 10.1038/s41551-018-0275-1

[123] [123] S. Deng, X. Zhao, Y. Zhu, N. Tang, R. Wang et al., Efficient hepatic differentiation of hydrogel microsphere-encapsulated human pluripotent stem cells for engineering prevascularized liver tissue. Biofabrication 15, 015016 (2022). 10.1088/1758-5090/aca79b

[124] [124] Z. Jin, Y. Zhai, Y. Zhou, P. Guo, M. Chai et al., Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic potential via microfluidic manipulation of microcarrier surface curvature. Chem. Eng. J. 448, 137739 (2022). 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137739

[125] [125] Z. Wang, L. Xiang, F. Lin, Z. Cai, H. Ruan et al., Inhaled ACE2-engineered microfluidic microsphere for intratracheal neutralization of COVID-19 and calming of the cytokine storm. Matter 5, 336–362 (2022). 10.1016/j.matt.2021.09.022

[126] [126] A.E. Widener, S. Duraivel, T.E. Angelini, E.A. Phelps, Injectable microporous annealed particle hydrogel based on guest-host-interlinked polyethylene glycol maleimide microgels. Adv. Nanobiomed. Res. 2, 2200030 (2022). 10.1002/anbr.202200030

[127] [127] Y.-C. Lu, W. Song, D. An, B.J. Kim, R. Schwartz et al., Designing compartmentalized hydrogel microparticles for cell encapsulation and scalable 3D cell culture. J. Mater. Chem. B 3, 353–360 (2015). 10.1039/c4tb01735h

[128] [128] R. Wieduwild, S. Krishnan, K. Chwalek, A. Boden, M. Nowak et al., Noncovalent hydrogel beads as microcarriers for cell culture. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 3962–3966 (2015). 10.1002/anie.201411400

[129] [129] X. Zhao, S. Liu, L. Yildirimer, H. Zhao, R. Ding et al., Microfluidics-assisted osteogenesis: injectable stem cell-laden photocrosslinkable microspheres fabricated using microfluidics for rapid generation of osteogenic tissue constructs. Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 2976 (2016). 10.1002/adfm.201670110

[130] [130] L. Yang, Y. Liu, L. Sun, C. Zhao, G. Chen et al., Biomass microcapsules with stem cell encapsulation for bone repair. Nano-Micro Lett. 14, 4 (2021). 10.1007/s40820-021-00747-8

[131] [131] X. Cui, C.R. Alcala-Orozco, K. Baer, J. Li, C.A. Murphy et al., 3D bioassembly of cell-instructive chondrogenic and osteogenic hydrogel microspheres containing allogeneic stem cells for hybrid biofabrication of osteochondral constructs. Biofabrication 14, 034101 (2022). 10.1088/1758-5090/ac61a3

[132] [132] F.B. Finklea, Y. Tian, P. Kerscher, W.J. Seeto, M.E. Ellis et al., Engineered cardiac tissue microsphere production through direct differentiation of hydrogel-encapsulated human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 274, 120818 (2021). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120818

[133] [133] J. Shen, Y. Ji, M. Xie, H. Zhao, W. Xuan et al., Cell-modified bioprinted microspheres for vascular regeneration. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 112, 110896 (2020). 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110896

[134] [134] J. Huang, D. Fu, X. Wu, Y. Li, B. Zheng et al., One-step generation of core-shell biomimetic microspheres encapsulating double-layer cells using microfluidics for hair regeneration. Biofabrication 15, 025007 (2023). 10.1088/1758-5090/acb107

[135] [135] J. Wang, D. Huang, H. Yu, H. Ren, L. Shang, Biohybrid response microparticles decorated with trained-MSCs for acute liver failure recovery. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, e2201085 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202201085

[136] [136] H. Xu, M. Sun, C. Wang, K. Xia, S. Xiao et al., Growth differentiation factor-5-gelatin methacryloyl injectable microspheres laden with adipose-derived stem cells for repair of disc degeneration. Biofabrication 13, 015010 (2020). 10.1088/1758-5090/abc4d3

[137] [137] Y. Sun, Q. Zhou, Y. Du, J. Sun, W. Bi et al., Dual biosignal-functional injectable microspheres for remodeling osteogenic microenvironment. Small 18, 2270190 (2022). 10.1002/smll.202270190

[138] [138] Y. Lei, Y. Wang, J. Shen, Z. Cai, Y. Zeng et al., Stem cell-recruiting injectable microgels for repairing osteoarthritis. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2170357 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202170357

[139] [139] H. Sun, Q. Guo, C. Shi, R.H. McWilliam, J. Chen et al., CD271 antibody-functionalized microspheres capable of selective recruitment of reparative endogenous stem cells for in situ bone regeneration. Biomaterials 280, 121243 (2022). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121243

[140] [140] J. Sun, J. Li, Z. Huan, S.J. Pandol, D. Liu et al., Mesenchymal stem cell-laden composite β cell porous microgel for diabetes treatment. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2211897 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202211897

[141] [141] M. Nie, G. Chen, C. Zhao, J. Gan, M. Alip et al., Bio-inspired adhesive porous particles with human MSCs encapsulation for systemic lupus erythematosus treatment. Bioact. Mater. 6, 84–90 (2020). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.07.018

[142] [142] Y. Liu, T. Zhang, M. Li, Z. Ouyang, F. Gao et al., PLGA hybrid porous microspheres as human periodontal ligament stem cell delivery carriers for periodontal regeneration. Chem. Eng. J. 420, 129703 (2021). 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129703

[143] [143] J. Yang, Y. Zhu, F. Wang, L. Deng, X. Xu et al., Microfluidic liposomes-anchored microgels as extended delivery platform for treatment of osteoarthritis. Chem. Eng. J. 400, 126004 (2020). 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126004

[144] [144] J. Gan, L. Sun, G. Chen, W. Ma, Y. Zhao et al., Mesenchymal stem cell exosomes encapsulated oral microcapsules for acute colitis treatment. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, 2201105 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202201105

[145] [145] S. Tarafder, J.A. Brito, S. Minhas, L. Effiong, S. Thomopoulos et al., In situ tissue engineering of the tendon-to-bone interface by endogenous stem/progenitor cells. Biofabrication 12, 015008 (2019). 10.1088/1758-5090/ab48ca

[146] [146] S. Dutta, S. Noh, R.S. Gual, X. Chen, S. Pané et al., Recent developments in metallic degradable micromotors for biomedical and environmental remediation applications. Nano-Micro Lett. 16, 41 (2023). 10.1007/s40820-023-01259-3

[147] [147] Z. Wan, Z. Yuan, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang et al., Hierarchical therapeutic ion-based microspheres with precise ratio-controlled delivery as microscaffolds for in situ vascularized bone regeneration. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2113280 (2022). 10.1002/adfm.202113280

[148] [148] Z. Xiong, L. Sun, H. Yang, Z. Xiao, Z. Deng et al., Ni-alginate hydrogel microspheres with sustained interleukin 2 release to boost cytokine-based cancer immunotherapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2211423 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202211423

[149] [149] C. An, W. Liu, Y. Zhang, B. Pang, H. Liu et al., Continuous microfluidic encapsulation of single mesenchymal stem cells using alginate microgels as injectable fillers for bone regeneration. Acta Biomater. 111, 181–196 (2020). 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.024

[150] [150] J. Sun, H.T.J. Lo, L. Fan, T.L. Yiu, A. Shakoor et al., High-efficiency quantitative control of mitochondrial transfer based on droplet microfluidics and its application on muscle regeneration. Sci. Adv. 8, eabp9245 (2022). 10.1126/sciadv.abp9245

[151] [151] A.S. Mao, J.-W. Shin, S. Utech, H. Wang, O. Uzun et al., Deterministic encapsulation of single cells in thin tunable microgels for niche modelling and therapeutic delivery. Nat. Mater. 16, 236–243 (2017). 10.1038/nmat4781

[152] [152] L. Zhang, G. Liu, K. Lv, J. Xin, Y. Wang et al., Surface-anchored nanogel coating endows stem cells with stress resistance and reparative potency via turning down the cytokine-receptor binding pathways. Adv. Sci. 8, 2003348 (2021). 10.1002/advs.202003348

[153] [153] H. Kim, K. Shin, O.K. Park, D. Choi, H.D. Kim et al., General and facile coating of single cells via mild reduction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 1199–1202 (2018). 10.1021/jacs.7b08440

[154] [154] J. Yang, Y. Yang, N. Kawazoe, G. Chen, Encapsulation of individual living cells with enzyme responsive polymer nanoshell. Biomaterials 197, 317–326 (2019). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.029

[155] [155] A. Puiggalí-Jou, M. Asadikorayem, K. Maniura-Weber, M. Zenobi-Wong, Growth factor-loaded sulfated microislands in granular hydrogels promote hMSCs migration and chondrogenic differentiation. Acta Biomater. 166, 69–84 (2023). 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.045

[156] [156] F. Li, V.X. Truong, P. Fisch, C. Levinson, V. Glattauer et al., Cartilage tissue formation through assembly of microgels containing mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater. 77, 48–62 (2018). 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.015

[157] [157] D.-X. Wei, J.-W. Dao, G.-Q. Chen, A micro-ark for cells: highly open porous polyhydroxyalkanoate microspheres as injectable scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Adv. Mater. 30, e1802273 (2018). 10.1002/adma.201802273

[158] [158] J. Bian, F. Cai, H. Chen, Z. Tang, K. Xi et al., Modulation of local overactive inflammation via injectable hydrogel microspheres. Nano Lett. 21, 2690–2698 (2021). 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04713

[159] [159] J. Koh, D.R. Griffin, M.M. Archang, A.-C. Feng, T. Horn et al., Enhanced in vivo delivery of stem cells using microporous annealed particle scaffolds. Small 15, 1903147 (2019). 10.1002/smll.201903147

[160] [160] J.M. de Rutte, J. Koh, D. Di Carlo, Hydrogels: scalable high-throughput production of modular microgels for in situ assembly of microporous tissue scaffolds. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1970174 (2019). 10.1002/adfm.201970174

[161] [161] D.R. Griffin, W.M. Weaver, P.O. Scumpia, D. Di Carlo, T. Segura, Accelerated wound healing by injectable microporous gel scaffolds assembled from annealed building blocks. Nat. Mater. 14, 737–744 (2015). 10.1038/nmat4294

[162] [162] J. Fang, J. Koh, Q. Fang, H. Qiu, M.M. Archang et al., Drug delivery: injectable drug-releasing microporous annealed particle scaffolds for treating myocardial infarction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 2070289 (2020). 10.1002/adfm.202070289

[163] [163] D.R. Griffin, M.M. Archang, C.H. Kuan, W.M. Weaver, J.S. Weinstein et al., Activating an adaptive immune response from a hydrogel scaffold imparts regenerative wound healing. Nat. Mater. 20, 560–569 (2021). 10.1038/s41563-020-00844-w

[164] [164] Z. Shao, T. Yin, J. Jiang, Y. He, T. Xiang et al., Wound microenvironment self-adaptive hydrogel with efficient angiogenesis for promoting diabetic wound healing. Bioact. Mater. 20, 561–573 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.06.018

[165] [165] L. Pruett, C. Jenkins, N. Singh, K. Catallo, D. Griffin, Heparin microislands in microporous annealed particle scaffolds for accelerated diabetic wound healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2104337 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202104337

[166] [166] C.A. Roosa, M. Ma, P. Chhabra, K. Brayman, D. Griffin, Delivery of dissociated islets cells within microporous annealed particle scaffold to treat type 1 diabetes. Adv. Ther. 5, 2200064 (2022). 10.1002/adtp.202200064

[167] [167] S. Xin, O.M. Wyman, D.L. Alge, Assembly of PEG microgels into porous cell-instructive 3D scaffolds via thiol-ene click chemistry. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 7, 1800160 (2018). 10.1002/adhm.201800160

[168] [168] N.J. Darling, W. Xi, E. Sideris, A.R. Anderson, C. Pong et al., Click by click microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 9, 1901391 (2020). 10.1002/adhm.201901391

[169] [169] A. Sheikhi, J. de Rutte, R. Haghniaz, O. Akouissi, A. Sohrabi et al., Microfluidic-enabled bottom-up hydrogels from annealable naturally-derived protein microbeads. Biomaterials 192, 560–568 (2019). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.040

[170] [170] R.-S. Hsu, P.-Y. Chen, J.-H. Fang, Y.-Y. Chen, C.-W. Chang et al., Adaptable microporous hydrogels of propagating NGF-gradient by injectable building blocks for accelerated axonal outgrowth. Adv. Sci. 6, 1900520 (2019). 10.1002/advs.201900520

[171] [171] X. Luo, L. Zhang, Y. Luo, Z. Cai, H. Zeng et al., Charge-driven self-assembled microspheres hydrogel scaffolds for combined drug delivery and photothermal therapy of diabetic wounds. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2214036 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202214036

[172] [172] C. Shao, Y. Liu, J. Chi, J. Wang, Z. Zhao et al., Responsive inverse opal scaffolds with biomimetic enrichment capability for cell culture. Research 2019, 9783793 (2019). 10.34133/2019/9783793

[173] [173] J. Liu, F. Zhou, Q. Zhou, S. Hu, H. Chen et al., A novel porous granular scaffold for the promotion of trabecular bone repair by time-dependent alteration of morphology. Biomater. Adv. 136, 212777 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212777

[174] [174] L. Yuan, X. Li, L. Ge, X. Jia, J. Lei et al., Emulsion template method for the fabrication of gelatin-based scaffold with a controllable pore structure. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 269–277 (2019). 10.1021/acsami.8b17555

[175] [175] C. Shao, Y. Liu, J. Chi, F. Ye, Y. Zhao, Hierarchically inverse opal porous scaffolds from droplet microfluidics for biomimetic 3D cell co-culture. Engineering 7, 1778–1785 (2021). 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.031

[176] [176] L. Wang, L. Sun, F. Bian, Y. Wang, Y. Zhao, Self-bonded hydrogel inverse opal particles as sprayed flexible patch for wound healing. ACS Nano 16, 2640–2650 (2022). 10.1021/acsnano.1c09388

[177] [177] Y. Fang, Y. Guo, M. Ji, B. Li, Y. Guo et al., 3D printing of cell-laden microgel-based biphasic bioink with heterogeneous microenvironment for biomedical applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2109810 (2022). 10.1002/adfm.202109810

[178] [178] K. Flégeau, A. Puiggali-Jou, M. Zenobi-Wong, Cartilage tissue engineering by extrusion bioprinting utilizing porous hyaluronic acid microgel bioinks. Biofabrication 14, 034105 (2022). 10.1088/1758-5090/ac6b58

[179] [179] Z. Ataie, S. Kheirabadi, J.W. Zhang, A. Kedzierski, C. Petrosky et al., Nanoengineered granular hydrogel bioinks with preserved interconnected microporosity for extrusion bioprinting. Small 18, e2202390 (2022). 10.1002/smll.202202390

[180] [180] A.J. Seymour, S. Shin, S.C. Heilshorn, 3D printing of microgel scaffolds with tunable void fraction to promote cell infiltration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 10, e2100644 (2021). 10.1002/adhm.202100644

[181] [181] Y. Cai, F. Wu, Y. Yu, Y. Liu, C. Shao et al., Porous scaffolds from droplet microfluidics for prevention of intrauterine adhesion. Acta Biomater. 84, 222–230 (2019). 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.11.016

[182] [182] I. Singh, C.S. Lacko, Z. Zhao, C.E. Schmidt, C. Rinaldi, Preparation and evaluation of microfluidic magnetic alginate microparticles for magnetically templated hydrogels. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 561, 647–658 (2020). 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.11.040

[183] [183] L. Moroni, J.A. Burdick, C. Highley, S.J. Lee, Y. Morimoto et al., Biofabrication strategies for 3D in vitro models and regenerative medicine. Nat. Rev. Mater. 3, 21–37 (2018). 10.1038/s41578-018-0006-y

[184] [184] H. Ravanbakhsh, V. Karamzadeh, G. Bao, L. Mongeau, D. Juncker et al., Emerging technologies in multi-material bioprinting. Adv. Mater. 33, 2104730 (2021). 10.1002/adma.202104730

[185] [185] J. Groll, J.A. Burdick, D.-W. Cho, B. Derby, M. Gelinsky et al., A definition of bioinks and their distinction from biomaterial inks. Biofabrication 11, 013001 (2018). 10.1088/1758-5090/aaec52

[186] [186] Y. Luo, T. Zhang, X. Lin, 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds with macro pores and interconnected microchannel networks for tissue engineering vascularization. Chem. Eng. J. 430, 132926 (2022). 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132926

[187] [187] X. Wang, Y. Yu, C. Yang, L. Shang, Y. Zhao et al., Dynamically responsive scaffolds from microfluidic 3D printing for skin flap regeneration. Adv. Sci. 9, e2201155 (2022). 10.1002/advs.202201155

[188] [188] H. Ravanbakhsh, G. Bao, Z. Luo, L.G. Mongeau, Y.S. Zhang, Composite inks for extrusion printing of biological and biomedical constructs. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 7, 4009–4026 (2021). 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01158

[189] [189] H. Ravanbakhsh, G. Bao, N. Latifi, L.G. Mongeau, Carbon nanotube composite hydrogels for vocal fold tissue engineering: biocompatibility, rheology, and porosity. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 103, 109861 (2019). 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109861

[190] [190] S. Xin, K.A. Deo, J. Dai, N.K.R. Pandian, D. Chimene et al., Generalizing hydrogel microparticles into a new class of bioinks for extrusion bioprinting. Sci. Adv. 7, eabk3087 (2021). 10.1126/sciadv.abk3087

[191] [191] C.B. Highley, K.H. Song, A.C. Daly, J.A. Burdick, Jammed microgel inks for 3D printing applications. Adv. Sci. 6, 1801076 (2019). 10.1002/advs.201801076

[192] [192] Y. Ou, S. Cao, Y. Zhang, H. Zhu, C. Guo et al., Bioprinting microporous functional living materials from protein-based core-shell microgels. Nat. Commun. 14, 322 (2023). 10.1038/s41467-022-35140-5

[193] [193] L. Ouyang, J.P. Wojciechowski, J. Tang, Y. Guo, M.M. Stevens, Tunable microgel-templated porogel (MTP) bioink for 3D bioprinting applications. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, 2270039 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202270039

[194] [194] Q. Feng, D. Li, Q. Li, H. Li, Z. Wang et al., Assembling microgels via dynamic cross-linking reaction improves printability, microporosity, tissue-adhesion, and self-healing of microgel bioink for extrusion bioprinting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 15653–15666 (2022). 10.1021/acsami.2c01295

[195] [195] Y. Cao, J. Tan, H. Zhao, T. Deng, Y. Hu et al., Bead-jet printing enabled sparse mesenchymal stem cell patterning augments skeletal muscle and hair follicle regeneration. Nat. Commun. 13, 7463 (2022). 10.1038/s41467-022-35183-8

[196] [196] X. Gu, Y. Zha, Y. Li, J. Chen, S. Liu et al., Integrated polycaprolactone microsphere-based scaffolds with biomimetic hierarchy and tunable vascularization for osteochondral repair. Acta Biomater. 141, 190–197 (2022). 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.021

[197] [197] N. Zoratto, D. Di Lisa, J. de Rutte, M.N. Sakib, A.R. Alves E Silva et al., In situ forming microporous gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel scaffolds from thermostable microgels for tissue engineering. Bioeng. Transl. Med. 5, e10180 (2020). 10.1002/btm2.10180

[198] [198] H. Ke, H. Yang, Y. Zhao, T. Li, D. Xin et al., 3D gelatin microsphere scaffolds promote functional recovery after spinal cord hemisection in rats. Adv. Sci. 10, 2204528 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202204528

[199] [199] C. Fan, S.-H. Zhan, Z.-X. Dong, W. Yang, W.-S. Deng et al., Cross-linked gelatin microsphere-based scaffolds as a delivery vehicle of MC3T3-E1 cells: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 108, 110399 (2020). 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110399

[200] [200] X. Han, M. Sun, B. Chen, Q. Saiding, J. Zhang et al., Lotus seedpod-inspired internal vascularized 3D printed scaffold for bone tissue repair. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1639–1652 (2020). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.11.019

[201] [201] L. Guo, H. Chen, Y. Li, J. Zhou, J. Chen, Biocompatible scaffolds constructed by chondroitin sulfate microspheres conjugated 3D-printed frameworks for bone repair. Carbohydr. Polym. 299, 120188 (2023). 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120188

[202] [202] D. Park, E. Wershof, S. Boeing, A. Labernadie, R.P. Jenkins et al., Extracellular matrix anisotropy is determined by TFAP2C-dependent regulation of cell collisions. Nat. Mater. 19, 227–238 (2020). 10.1038/s41563-019-0504-3

[203] [203] L. Wang, T. Li, Z. Wang, J. Hou, S. Liu et al., Injectable remote magnetic nanofiber/hydrogel multiscale scaffold for functional anisotropic skeletal muscle regeneration. Biomaterials 285, 121537 (2022). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121537

[204] [204] Z. Luo, G. Tang, H. Ravanbakhsh, W. Li, M. Wang et al., Vertical extrusion Cryo(bio)printing for anisotropic tissue manufacturing. Adv. Mater. 34, 2108931 (2022). 10.1002/adma.202108931

[205] [205] X. Liu, X. Mao, G. Ye, M. Wang, K. Xue et al., Bioinspired Andrias davidianus-Derived wound dressings for localized drug-elution. Bioact. Mater. 15, 482–494 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.11.030

[206] [206] H. Zhu, X. Wu, R. Liu, Y. Zhao, L. Sun, ECM-inspired hydrogels with ADSCs encapsulation for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Adv. Sci. 10, 2206253 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202206253

[207] [207] Q. Wei, D. Liu, G. Chu, Q. Yu, Z. Liu et al., TGF-β1-supplemented decellularized annulus fibrosus matrix hydrogels promote annulus fibrosus repair. Bioact. Mater. 19, 581–593 (2023). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.025

[208] [208] J. Lou, D.J. Mooney, Chemical strategies to engineer hydrogels for cell culture. Nat. Rev. Chem. 6, 726–744 (2022). 10.1038/s41570-022-00420-7

[209] [209] N. Huebsch, E. Lippens, K. Lee, M. Mehta, S. Koshy et al., Matrix elasticity of void-forming hydrogels controls transplanted-stem-cell-mediated boneformation. Nat. Mater. 14, 1269–1277 (2015). 10.1038/nmat4407

[210] [210] L. Koivusalo, M. Kauppila, S. Samanta, V.S. Parihar, T. Ilmarinen et al., Tissue adhesive hyaluronic acid hydrogels for sutureless stem cell delivery and regeneration of corneal epithelium and stroma. Biomaterials 225, 119516 (2019). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119516

[211] [211] X. Liu, F. Li, Z. Dong, C. Gu, D. Mao et al., Metal-polyDNA nanoparticles reconstruct osteoporotic microenvironment for enhanced osteoporosis treatment. Sci. Adv. 9, eadf3329 (2023). 10.1126/sciadv.adf3329

[212] [212] M. Ojansivu, A. Rashad, A. Ahlinder, J. Massera, A. Mishra et al., Wood-based nanocellulose and bioactive glass modified gelatin-alginate bioinks for 3D bioprinting of bone cells. Biofabrication 11, 035010 (2019). 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0692

[213] [213] L. Ouyang, J.P.K. Armstrong, Y. Lin, J.P. Wojciechowski, C. Lee-Reeves et al., Expanding and optimizing 3D bioprinting capabilities using complementary network bioinks. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc5529 (2020). 10.1126/sciadv.abc5529

[214] [214] G. Eke, N. Mangir, N. Hasirci, S. MacNeil, V. Hasirci, Development of a UV crosslinked biodegradable hydrogel containing adipose derived stem cells to promote vascularization for skin wounds and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 129, 188–198 (2017). 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.03.021

[215] [215] Y. Kang, J. Xu, L.-A. Meng, Y. Su, H. Fang et al., 3D bioprinting of dECM/Gel/QCS/nHAp hybrid scaffolds laden with mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Biofabrication 15, 024103 (2023). 10.1088/1758-5090/acb6b8

[216] [216] A.G. Kurian, R.K. Singh, K.D. Patel, J.-H. Lee, H.-W. Kim, Multifunctional GelMA platforms with nanomaterials for advanced tissue therapeutics. Bioact. Mater. 8, 267–295 (2022). 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.06.027

[217] [217] N. Kulkarni, P. Jain, A. Shindikar, P. Suryawanshi, N. Thorat, Advances in the colon-targeted chitosan based multiunit drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Carbohydr. Polym. 288, 119351 (2022). 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119351

[218] [218] K.J. Wolf, J.D. Weiss, S.G.M. Uzel, M.A. Skylar-Scott, J.A. Lewis, Biomanufacturing human tissues via organ building blocks. Cell Stem Cell 29, 667–677 (2022). 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.012

[219] [219] B. Ayan, D.N. Heo, Z. Zhang, M. Dey, A. Povilianskas et al., Aspiration-assisted bioprinting for precise positioning of biologics. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaw5111 (2020). 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5111

[220] [220] C. Yang, X. Ma, P. Wu, L. Shang, Y. Zhao et al., Adhesive composite microspheres with dual antibacterial strategies for infected wound healing. Small 19, 2301092 (2023). 10.1002/smll.202301092

[221] [221] L. Cui, J. Li, S. Guan, K. Zhang, K. Zhang et al., Injectable multifunctional CMC/HA-DA hydrogel for repairing skin injury. Mater. Today Bio 14, 100257 (2022). 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100257

[222] [222] V. Kanikireddy, K. Varaprasad, T. Jayaramudu, C. Karthikeyan, R. Sadiku, Carboxymethyl cellulose-based materials for infection control and wound healing: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 164, 963–975 (2020).

[223] [223] F. Mushtaq, Z. Ali Raza, S.R. Batool, M. Zahid, O.C. Onder et al., Preparation, properties, and applications of gelatin-based hydrogels (GHs) in the environmental, technological, and biomedical sectors. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 218, 601–633 (2022). 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.168

[224] [224] J. Li, G. Wei, G. Liu, Y. Du, R. Zhang et al., Regulating type H vessel formation and bone metabolism via bone-targeting oral micro/nano-hydrogel microspheres to prevent bone loss. Adv. Sci. 10, e2207381 (2023). 10.1002/advs.202207381

[225] [225] H. Liu, Y. Wang, H. Wang, M. Zhao, T. Tao et al., A droplet microfluidic system to fabricate hybrid capsules enabling stem cell organoid engineering. Adv. Sci. 7, 1903739 (2020). 10.1002/advs.201903739

[226] [226] Z. Zhou, J. Cui, S. Wu, Z. Geng, J. Su, Silk fibroin-based biomaterials for cartilage/osteochondral repair. Theranostics 12, 5103–5124 (2022). 10.7150/thno.74548

[227] [227] G. Guan, Q. Zhang, Z. Jiang, J. Liu, J. Wan et al., Multifunctional silk fibroin methacryloyl microneedle for diabetic wound healing. Small 18, 2203064 (2022). 10.1002/smll.202203064

[228] [228] Z. Yang, Y. He, Y. Ma, L. Li, Y. Wang, A reversible adhesive hydrogel tape. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2213150 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202213150

[229] [229] S. Hu, Y. Fang, C. Liang, M. Turunen, O. Ikkala et al., Thermally trainable dual network hydrogels. Nat. Commun. 14, 3717 (2023). 10.1038/s41467-023-39446-w

[230] [230] J. Gu, R. Fu, S. Kang, X. Yang, Q. Song et al., Robust composite aerogel beads with pomegranate-like structure for water-based thermal insulation coating. Constr. Build. Mater. 341, 127722 (2022). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127722

[231] [231] G.G. Giobbe, C. Crowley, C. Luni, S. Campinoti, M. Khedr et al., Extracellular matrix hydrogel derived from decellularized tissues enables endodermal organoid culture. Nat. Commun. 10, 5658 (2019). 10.1038/s41467-019-13605-4

[232] [232] R. Curvello, G. Kerr, D.J. Micati, W.H. Chan, V.S. Raghuwanshi et al., Engineered plant-based nanocellulose hydrogel for small intestinal organoid growth. Adv. Sci. 8, 2002135 (2021). 10.1002/advs.202002135

[233] [233] S. Mohammadi, H. Ravanbakhsh, S. Taheri, G. Bao, L. Mongeau, Immunomodulatory microgels support proregenerative macrophage activation and attenuate fibroblast collagen synthesis. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 11, e2102366 (2022). 10.1002/adhm.202102366

[234] [234] S. Bian, L. Hao, X. Qiu, J. Wu, H. Chang et al., An injectable rapid-adhesion and anti-swelling adhesive hydrogel for hemostasis and wound sealing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2270260 (2022). 10.1002/adfm.202270260

[235] [235] C. Song, D. Huang, C. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Abalone-inspired adhesive and photo-responsive microparticle delivery systems for periodontal drug therapy. Adv. Sci. 9, e2202829 (2022). 10.1002/advs.202202829

[236] [236] H. Madry, L. Gao, A. Rey-Rico, J.K. Venkatesan, K. Müller-Brandt et al., Thermosensitive hydrogel based on PEO-PPO-PEO poloxamers for a controlled in situ release of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors for effective gene therapy of cartilage defects. Adv. Mater. 32, e1906508 (2020). 10.1002/adma.201906508

[237] [237] M. Fu, Z. Sun, X. Liu, Z. Huang, G. Luan et al., Highly stretchable, resilient, adhesive, and self-healing ionic hydrogels for thermoelectric application. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2306086 (2023). 10.1002/adfm.202306086

[238] [238] Q. Zhang, Y. Jiang, L. Chen, W. Chen, J. Li et al., Ultra-compliant and tough thermochromic polymer for self-regulated smart windows. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2100686 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202100686

[239] [239] X. Luo, L. Zhu, Y.-C. Wang, J. Li, J. Nie et al., A flexible multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator based on MXene/PVA hydrogel. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2104928 (2021). 10.1002/adfm.202104928

[240] [240] M.-K. Zhang, X.-H. Zhang, G.-Z. Han, Magnetic alginate/PVA hydrogel microspheres with selective adsorption performance for aromatic compounds. Sep. Purif. Technol. 278, 119547 (2021). 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119547

[241] [241] H. Wu, L. Shen, Z. Zhu, X. Luo, Y. Zhai et al., A cell-free therapy for articular cartilage repair based on synergistic delivery of SDF-1 & KGN with HA injectable scaffold. Chem. Eng. J. 393, 124649 (2020). 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124649

[242] [242] Y. Hong, J. Chen, H. Fang, G. Li, S. Yan et al., All-in-one hydrogel realizing adipose-derived stem cell spheroid production and in vivo injection via “gel-sol” transition for angiogenesis in hind limb ischemia. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 11375–11387 (2020). 10.1021/acsami.9b23534