Fig. 1. Absorption and radiative dipole moments of fluorescence dipole. (a) Dependence of fluorescence dipole absorption probability on angle between absorption dipole moment and electric field of exciting light; (b) emission intensity pattern of fluorescence dipole

Fig. 2. Schematic for measuring FA of molecules

Fig. 3. Schematic for measuring LD of molecules

Fig. 4. Geometrical models with different dipole orientation distributions obtained by TP-FPM method ^[26]

Fig. 5. Schematic of experiment setup of SPoD

Fig. 6. Images of hippocampal neurons (scale bar: 1 μm) ^[33]. (a) WF images; (b) SPoD images

Fig. 7. SDOM images of septin in live yeast cells (scale bar: 500 nm) ^[34]. (a) Orientation mapping images of septin with WF (upper-left) and SDOM (lower-right) under top view; (b) orientation mapping images under cross-sectional view

Fig. 8. Schematic of experiment setup of typical SIM

Fig. 9. pSIM imaging results of actin in BAPE cells (scale bar: 5 μm) ^[35]. (a) Intensity images by WF and SIM; (b) pseudocolored images in dipole direction by PM and pSIM; (c) magnified view of boxed region in Fig.9(a)