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Infrared and Laser Engineering, Volume. 52, Issue 11, 20230134(2023)

Investigation of high-precision seawater refractive index sensor based on optical heterodyne interference

Shiwen Zhang1,2, Liyan Li1、*, Yan Zhou1, Qin Liu1,2, Yongjie Wang1, and Yuliang Liu1
Author Affiliations
  • 1Optoelectronics System Laboratory, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2College of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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    [1] G T Mcneil. Metrical fundamentals of underwater lens system. Optical Engineering, 16, 128-139(1977).

    [2] R C Millard, G Seaver. An index of refraction algorithm for seawater over temperature, pressure, salinity, density, and wavelength. Deep Sea Research Part A, Oceanographic Research Papers, 37, 1909-1926(1990).

    [3] X Quan, E S Fry. Empirical equation for the index of refraction of seawater. Applied Optics, 34, 3477-3480(1995).

    [4] P Grosso, M Le Menn, Bougrenet de La Tocnaye J L de et al. Practical versus absolute salinity measurements: New advances in high performance seawater salinity sensors. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 57, 151-156(2010).

    [5] M L Menn. About uncertainties in practical salinity calculations. Ocean Science, 7, 651-659(2011).

    [6] R Pawlowicz, D G Wright, F J Millero. The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/ density relationships and the characterization of real seawater. Ocean Science, 7, 363-387(2011).

    [7] D Malardé, Z Y Wu, P Grosso, et al. High-resolution and compact refractometer for salinity measurements. Measurement Science and Technology, 20, 015204(2009).

    [8] Y C Kim, J A Cramer, K S Booksh. Investigation of a fiber optic surface plasmon spectroscopy in conjunction with conductivity as an in situ method for simultaneously monitoring changes in dissolved organic carbon and salinity in coastal waters. Analyst, 136, 4350-4356(2011).

    [9] Y Chen, Q Han, T Liu, et al. Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature using a cascaded FBG/Droplet-like fiber structure. IEEE Sensors Journal, 15, 6432-6436(2015).

    [10] J Chen, W Guo, M Xia, et al. In situ measurement of seawater salinity with an optical refractometer based on total internal reflection method. Optics Express, 26, 25510-25523(2018).

    [11] H Uchida, Y Kayukawa, Y Maeda. Ultra high-resolution seawater density sensor based on a refractive index measurement using the spectroscopic interference method. Scientific Reports, 9, 1-8(2019).

    [12] M H Alford, D W Gerdt, C M Adkins. An ocean refractometer: Resolving millimeter-scale turbulent density fluctuations via the refractive index. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 23, 121-137(2006).

    [13] Q Chen, Q Lin, Y Xuan, et al. Investigation on the thermohaline structure of the stratified wake generated by a propagating submarine. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 16, 120808(2021).

    [14] M Esmaeilpour, J E Martin, P M Carrica. Near-field flow of submarines and ships advancing in a stable stratified fluid. Ocean Engineering, 123, 75-95(2016).

    [15] Y Zhang, A S Hines, G Valdes, et al. Investigation and mitigation of noise contributions in a compact heterodyne interferometer. Sensors, 21, 5788(2021).

    [16] [16] Johansmann M, Siegmund G, Pineda M. Targeting the limits of laser Doppler vibrometry[C]Proc IDEMA, 2005: 112.

    [17] L Rainville, R Pinkel. Propagation of low-mode internal waves through the ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 36, 1220-1236(2006).

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    Shiwen Zhang, Liyan Li, Yan Zhou, Qin Liu, Yongjie Wang, Yuliang Liu. Investigation of high-precision seawater refractive index sensor based on optical heterodyne interference[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2023, 52(11): 20230134

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    Paper Information

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    Received: Feb. 10, 2023

    Accepted: --

    Published Online: Jan. 8, 2024

    The Author Email: Li Liyan (lyli@semi.ac.cn)

    DOI:10.3788/IRLA20230134

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology