Geographical Research, Volume. 39, Issue 10, 2403(2020)
Figures & Tables(14)
Fig. 3. Glacier boundary and GPS measuring points of Zhongni Glacier
Fig. 4. Glacier changes of the Himalayas in 1990-2015 (background is Landsat ETM+ image)
Fig. 5. The annual average retreat rate of glaciers in the eastern, middle and western parts of the Himalayas during1990-2015
Fig. 6. Distribution and retreat of glaciers in different aspects from 1990 to 2015
Fig. 7. Coverage and retreat of glaciers on different slopes from 1990 to 2015
Table 1. Utilized image data
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Utilized image data
获取日期 传感器 云量(%) 获取日期 传感器 云量(%) 获取日期 传感器 云量(%) 获取日期 传感器 云量(%) 149/36 1990/08/07 TM 44 2001/08/29 ETM+ 17 2008/07/31 ETM+ 15 2016/10/01 OLI 1 148/36 1991/09/20 TM 53 2000/08/27 TM 10 2008/08/25 ETM+ 12 2016/10/02 ETM+ 1 148/37 1991/09/20 TM 34 2000/09/04 ETM+ 23 2008/08/25 ETM+ 23 2015/09/14 ETM+ 29 147/37 1991/08/28 TM 64 2000/08/28 ETM+ 24 2008/08/25 ETM+ 51 2016/10/03 OLI 1 147/38 1989/08/06 TM 25 2001/09/24 TM 1 2011/09/28 ETM+ 25 2015/09/15 OLI 7 146/38 1992/11/11 TM 1 2001/09/09 ETM+ 2 2008/07/28 ETM+ 18 2015/09/16 ETM+ 2 146/39 1992/11/11 TM 8 2000/08/05 ETM+ 13 2011/12/26 ETM+ 0 2016/11/13 OLI 10 145/38 1990/11/15 TM 3 2000/11/02 ETM+ 2 2009/07/30 TM 21 2015/09/17 OLI 3 145/39 1990/11/15 TM 1 2001/08/01 ETM+ 26 2011/09/22 TM 30 2016/12/08 OLI 1 144/39 1991/12/13 TM 42 1999/12/03 TM 17 2011/10/09 ETM+ 2 2015/09/10 OLI 3 143/39 1988/12/13 TM 3 2000/10/03 ETM+ 1 2011/10/18 ETM+ 2 2015/09/03 OLI 3 143/40 1988/10/26 TM 13 2001/12/09 ETM+ 16 2011/12/05 ETM+ 37 2015/09/27 ETM+ 32 142/40 1991/10/12 TM 0 2000/12/15 ETM+ 2 2009/09/27 TM 23 2015/10/06 ETM+ 1 141/40 1988/12/15 TM 2 2000/11/22 ETM+ 1 2010/12/12 TM 24 2015/10/07 OLI 3 140/40 1989/11/09 TM 1 2000/11/15 TM 0 2009/11/08 ETM+ 1 2015/09/30 OLI 3 140/41 1989/11/09 TM 1 1999/04/27 TM 27 2012/12/02 ETM+ 1 2015/10/08 ETM+ 1 139/40 1990/06/14 TM 0 2001/12/29 ETM+ 1 2010/04/18 TM 8 2015/10/09 OLI 1 139/41 1990/06/14 TM 42 2000/12/26 ETM+ 1 2012/10/08 ETM+ 18 2015/10/09 OLI/TIRS 17 138/40 1990/01/14 TM 1 2000/12/19 ETM+ 1 2009/01/04 TM 1 2015/09/08 ETM+SLC-off 11 138/41 1990/10/16 TM 24 1999/09/20 TM 32 2008/01/16 TM 13 2015/09/08 ETM+SLC-off 55 137/40 1988/09/30 TM 24 1999/05/08 TM 0 2009/11/11 TM 0 2015/09/09 OLI 2 137/41 1988/09/30 TM 16 2000/12/28 ETM+ 0 2011/09/30 TM 8 2016/09/09 OLI 36 136/40 1988/10/09 TM 24 1998/12/08 TM 11 2009/11/04 TM 14 2015/11/21 OLI 1 136/41 1990/06/25 TM 24 2001/01/30 TM 21 2009/11/04 TM 5 2015/11/21 OLI 1
Table 2. Glacier area variations in 1990-2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Glacier area variations in 1990-2015
年份 面积(km2) 减少量(km2) 退缩率(%) 年均变化率(%/a) 1990 23229.27±997.28 - - - 2000 22338.25±981.83 891.02±15.45 3.84±0.07 -0.38±0.007 2010 21438.14±959.61 900.11±22.22 4.03±0.10 -0.40±0.010 2015 20676.17±944.28 761.97±15.33 3.55±0.07 -0.71±0.007 总计/平均值 - 2553.10±53.00 10.99±0.23 -0.44±0.014
Table 3. Distribution characteristics of glaciers in the eastern, central and western parts in the Himalayas from 1990 to 2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Distribution characteristics of glaciers in the eastern, central and western parts in the Himalayas from 1990 to 2015
年份 1990 2000 2010 2015 西段 11551.69±546.82 11117.70±541.50 10671.78±529.02 10242.10±518.95 中段 8584.75±332.91 8267.95±324.35 7953.78±316.43 7711.22±313.46 东段 3092.83±117.55 2952.60±115.98 2812.58±114.16 2722.85±111.87 总计 23229.27±997.28 22338.25±981.83 21438.14±959.61 20676.17±944.28
Table 4. Ice covered area and variations of the southern Himalayas from 1990 to 2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Ice covered area and variations of the southern Himalayas from 1990 to 2015
年份 面积(km2) 减少量(km2) 退缩率(%) 年均变化率(%/a) 1990 14451.25±583.40 - - - 2000 13973.83±572.00 477.42±11.40 3.30±0.08 -0.33±0.008 2010 13542.04±562.26 431.79±9.74 3.09±0.07 -0.31±0.007 2015 13082.14±555.72 459.90±6.54 3.40±0.05 -0.68±0.010 总计 - 1369.11±27.68 9.47±0.19 -0.38±0.013
Table 5. Ice covered area and variations of the northern Himalayas for 1990-2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Ice covered area and variations of the northern Himalayas for 1990-2015
年份 面积(km2) 减少量(km2) 退缩率(%) 年均变化率(%) 1990 8778.02±413.88 - - - 2000 8364.42±409.83 413.60±4.05 4.71±0.05 -0.47±0.005 2010 7896.10±397.35 468.32±12.48 5.60±0.15 -0.56±0.015 2015 7594.03±388.56 302.07±8.79 3.83±0.11 -0.77±0.022 总计 - 1183.99±25.32 13.49±0.29 -0.54±0.019
Table 6. Area and change of glaciers in situations of Himalayas during the period of 1990-2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 6. Area and change of glaciers in situations of Himalayas during the period of 1990-2015
年份 表碛覆盖 非表碛覆盖 面积(km2) 数目 规模(km2) 面积(km2) 数目 规模(km2) 1990 10269.37±303.66 749 13.71±0.41 12959.90±693.62 11462 1.13±0.06 2015 9733.22±298.79 754 12.91±0.40 10942.95±645.49 12004 0.91±0.05
Table 7. Debris covered area and changes in the Himalayas during the period of 1990-2015
View tableView in ArticleTable 7. Debris covered area and changes in the Himalayas during the period of 1990-2015
年份 面积(km2) 减少量(km2) 退缩率(%) 年均变化率(%/a) 1990 2116.69±158.95 - - - 2000 2036.04±154.10 80.65±4.85 3.81±0.23 -0.38 2010 1996.60±151.04 39.44±3.06 1.94±0.15 -0.19 2015 1959.20±148.27 37.40±2.77 1.87±0.14 -0.37 总计/平均值 - 157.49±10.68 7.44±0.50 -0.30
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Qin JI, Rui LIU, Taibao YANG.
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Received: Apr. 17, 2019
Accepted: --
Published Online: Apr. 23, 2021
The Author Email: YANG Taibao (yangtb@lzu.edu.cn)
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