Fig. 1. Typical dynamic evolution of laser-induced plasma in air

Fig. 2. Characteristics of radiation evolution of laser-induced plasma at different stages

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of a typical laboratory laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system^[16]

Fig. 4. ACCULIBS 2500 of Ocean Insight^[26]

Fig. 5. J200 Tandem LA-LIBS of Applied Spectra^[28]

Fig. 6. FiberLIBS lab (a) and MopaLIBS (b) of SECOPTA Analytics^[31]

Fig. 7. CALIBSO (a) and LIBSorter 300 (b) of LTB^[32]

Fig. 8. LIBSCAN 150-10 (a) and Gemmology (b) of Applied Photonics Ltd.^[34]

Fig. 9. MEEPLIBS ^[35] (a) and MobiLIBS (b) ^[36] of IVEA

Fig. 10. ECORE FLEX of Elemission^[37]

Fig. 11. Sci-Trace of AtomTrace^[40]

Fig. 12. FireFly of Lightigo^[41]

Fig. 13. LIBSOPA-200 of NCS ^[42]

Fig. 14. SIA-LIBSlurry of SIACAS&BGRIMM MTC^[44]

Fig. 15. MOL-2020FC of BGRIMM MTC^[45]

Fig. 16. EcoChem of Aozuo Ecology Instrumentation^[46]

Fig. 17. CrossTIME (a) and DualTime (b) of Optime^[47]

Fig. 18. LIBS-Tracer (a) and AGT-LIBS (b) of Aliben^[48]

Fig. 19. iSpec-LIBS-IND (a) and iSpec-LIBS800 (b) of LiSenOptics ^[49]

Fig. 20. SRLIBS-20, a remote LIBS device developed by CGN Suzhou Thermal Engineering Research Institute^[61]

Fig. 21. Schematic diagram of optical fiber energy transfer LIBS system^[69]

Fig. 22. Section view of the suitcase fiber energy transfer LIBS box developed by CGN Suzhou Thermal Engineering Research Institute and an enlarged view of the fiber coupling module

Fig. 23. Structure diagram of handheld LIBS instrument developed by Yan et al.^[86]