Fig. 1. General flow chart of satellite imaging simulation

Fig. 2. Construction of 3D radiation model of sea scene

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of sea background modeling

Fig. 4. 3D structure of sea surface under different wind speeds

Fig. 5. Directional reflectance of seawater without foam covering area calculated by OCEABRDF model

Fig. 6. Reflectivity spectrum of sea surface foam

Fig. 7. Modeling sketch of sea surface target

Fig. 8. 3D model of cargo ship

Fig. 9. Reflectivity information of hull part

Fig. 10. Sketch of coupling modeling between target and sea background

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of scene 3D radiation model

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of ray tracing simulation of multiple reflections of radiant energy inside the scene

Fig. 13. Simulation zero line of sight radiation distribution under turning state

Fig. 14. Simulated atmospheric PSF under different visibility

Fig. 15. Spectral response function of GF6 PMS in Pan band

Fig. 16. Satellite edge map (a) and calculated camera point spread function (b) and MTF curve (c)

Fig. 17. Simulation results under different conditions. (a) Different ship targets; (b) Different sailing speed of the same ship; (c) Observation results of different resolutions; (d) Observation results of different atmospheric conditions

Fig. 18. Satellite measurement results and simulation results

Fig. 19. Pseudo color map of satellite measurement results and simulation results

Fig. 20. Comparison of gray histogram between satellite measured results and simulation results