Considering the critical need for a high-precision, six-degree-of-freedom measurement system in China's advanced manufacturing sector, this study introduces a novel approach for large-scale, high-accuracy attitude measurement utilizing a monocular vision module for laser tracking. Initially, the paper outlines the hardware configuration of the laser tracking measurement system, encompassing both the attitude measurement system and the cooperative target, and establishes a mathematical model to define spatial attitude angles accurately. It then delves into the adaptive clear imaging features of the attitude measurement module. By leveraging an optical distortion model and Zhengyou Zhang's calibration algorithm, it crafts a real-time camera imaging model that dynamically adjusts the pixel coordinates of feature points, enhancing the precision of feature point extraction. This is further refined by integrating the geometric traits of the cooperative target with the EPnP and SoftPOSIT algorithms, leading to a sophisticated attitude measurement technique complemented by an automatic monitoring and error correction mechanism. This dual approach enables precise automatic measurement across any attitude within the specified distance and measurement range. The system's accuracy was validated through experiments using a two-dimensional precision turntable equipped with a cooperative target, showing an impressive attitude measurement accuracy within a 3-10 m range, with yaw and pitch angles within ±30° and roll angle within ±180°. Specifically, accuracy was better than 0.049° with a 14-feature-point cooperative target and better than 0.065° with a 10-feature-point target. These findings underscore the superiority of this method over other recent laser tracking measurement techniques, highlighting its broad applicability and minimal constraints on the cooperative target's feature point configuration, thus fulfilling the precision measurement demands of high-end manufacturing's laser tracking and measurement.