Fig. 1. Mie scattering model

Fig. 2. Application fields of polarization characteristics

Fig. 3. Description of polarization states using Poincare sphere

Fig. 4. (a1)-(a2) Transmitted DoLP and DoCP changes for the horizontally polarized and right-handed circularly polarized incidences in different transmission media^[70]； (b1)-(b2) DoP variation with scattering event under the incidences of circularly and linearly polarized light in different scattering media ^[71]； (c1)-(c2) Obtained DOP as the function of cattering event for the linearly polarized and circularly polarized incidences. (c1) Forward scattering, (c2) backward scattering^[69]

Fig. 5. (a) Rotation angle of the backscattering mueller matrix containing high scattering medium of glucose varies with the concentration of sucrose in MC simulation ^[79]； (b) Relationship between the birefringence of the cylinders and the retardance δ^[86](a) MC仿真中包含葡萄糖高散射介质的后向散射穆勒矩阵的旋转角随蔗糖浓度的变化^[79]；(b)圆柱体的双折射性与延迟 的关系^[86]

Fig. 6. Relation between DoP and relative RIs, scattering events in different scattering environments. (a) Rayleigh scattering environment; (b) Mie scattering environment^[87]; (c) Cumulative of a medium, as a function of wavelength and relative RI ratios^[54]不同散射环境下偏振度与相对折射率和散射事件的关系。(a)瑞利散射环境；(b)米散射环境^[87]；(c)不同相对折射率下，入射波长变化对系统退偏能力的影响^[54]

Fig. 7. Obtained DoP for Circular polarization. (a1) Linear polarization, (a2) in forward scattered photons (a3) the total DoP variation for forward and backward scattered photons^[87]; (b)The polarimetric purity ( ) varies with the proportion of small particles^[54]; (c)In the poly-dispersion system with a lognormal distribution, the DoP of forward (c1) and backward (c2) scattered photons varies with the average particle diameter of the system with different variances^[87](a1)~(a3)在双分散体系中前后向散射光子的偏振度随小粒子比例的变化^[87]；(b)退偏指数随粒子比例变化情况^[54]；(c1)~(c2)服从对数正态分布的多分散体系中，不同方差的体系前后向散射光子的偏振度随粒子平均直径的变化^[87]

Fig. 8. (a1)−(a2) Two-dimensional distributions of light penetration in wavelength of 550 nm. (a1) All photons ^[90], (a2) diffusely reflected component; (b) Intensities backscattered from layers 1 (mucosa and submucosa) and 2 (mucosa, submucosa, and muscular tissue) normalized by backscattered intensity from whole colon ^[91]; (c) Absolute values of the diagonal elements of the backscattering Mueller matrix normalized by |M₁₁| simulated at λ = 633 nm^[92]: (1) Single layer representing the submucosa on absorbing substrate with albedo a=0, (2) two layers representing the submucosa and mucosa on Lambertian substrate of albedo a = 0.1, (3) same as (2), but with a = 0.3

Fig. 9. Two-dimensional intensity and polarization distribution under different wavelength. (a) Water clouds; (b) Ice clouds^[95]

Fig. 10. (a)-(b) DoP and AoP retrieved by PM (a) and PR (b) methods in homogeneous monodisperse media ^[28,94]; (c) DoP and AoP retrieved by PM and PR methods in homogeneous mixed media ^[28,94]

Fig. 11. (a) Linear DoP and circular DoP in three kinds of ocean water^[30]; (b) Polarization retrieved for LDoP by the modified PR method in three types of seawater: (b1) Clear ocean, (b2) coastal ocean and (b3) harbor water^[30]; (c) PD and PR imaging results under the circularly polarized light incidence^[31,69]

Fig. 12. (a1) Feature-based dehazing assisted by ICA, (a2) distance-based dehazing assisted by ICA, (a3) distance-based result^[116]; (b1) Removing-haze image by linear polarized light, (b2) removing-haze image by circularly polarized light, (b3) removing-haze image by full polarized light^[121]

Fig. 13. (a1) Intensity image, (a2) recovered image by the traditional polarization, (a3) recovered image by polynomial matching ^[126]; (b1)-(b3) Underwater polarization recovery image by image correlation method with turbidity increasing^[14]